沙尘暴的成因与防治

自语文单独设科以来，语文教育界就不断探索提高语文教学质量的途径，各种教育观念、教学方法应运而生，层出不穷，语文教育在某些地区、某些方面确实取得了一些喜人的成绩。可是从整体上讲，学生的语文水平并未出现多大起色，硕士生、博士生写不出一篇上档次的文章，高中生错别字连篇，说话前言不搭后语的现象屡见不鲜，更为严重的是语文教学中人文价值、人文底蕴的流失，正如有人指出，透过中学生的作文，我们看到的不是一张爱思考，有个性，青春稚气的面孔，而更多的是会议桌前的官员或新闻播音员。语文教育现状堪忧。因此，语文已成为有识之士口诛笔伐的重点学科，背负“误尽苍生”的罪名。二十年前吕叔湘先生就振聋发聩地指出语文教学存在“少、慢、差、费”等严重问题。如今又有孔庆东、王丽等分别主编的《审视中学语文教育》、《中国语文教育忧思录》等书，对语文教育进行审视、忧思和猛烈的批判。

Since the independent establishment of the subject of Chinese, the Chinese education community has been exploring ways to improve the quality of Chinese teaching. Various educational concepts and teaching methods have emerged in an endless stream. Chinese education has made some gratifying achievements in some areas and aspects. However, on the whole, students' Chinese level has not improved much. Master's students and doctoral students can't write a high-level article. Senior high school students have many wrong words. It's not uncommon that the words don't match the foreword. What's more, the loss of human value and cultural heritage in Chinese teaching. As someone pointed out, what we can see through the composition of middle school students is not the same Zhang Ai's thinking, personality, youthful and childish face is more of an official or news announcer at the conference table. The present situation of Chinese education is worrying. Therefore, Chinese has become a key discipline for people of insight, bearing the charge of "mistaking all the people". Twenty years ago, Mr. Lu Shuxiang pointed out that there are some serious problems in Chinese teaching, such as "less, slow, poor and expensive". Nowadays, there are books such as "examining Chinese education in middle school" and "worrying about Chinese education" edited by Kong Qingdong and Wang Li, etc. to examine, worry about and criticize Chinese education.

提高语文教学质量的出路何在？

How to improve the quality of Chinese teaching?

在教学中，有一些现象给了我们有益的启示。有些学生与其他学生一起接受相同的教育。比如教师、教材、教法等，但是，语文水平却非同一般。通过调查，我们发现，这些学生都有很好的家庭语文学习的环境，诸如父母文化水平较高，或者家庭有较多的藏书等。

In teaching, there are some phenomena that give us useful enlightenment. Some students receive the same education as others. For example, teachers, teaching materials, teaching methods, etc., but the level of Chinese is not the same. Through the survey, we found that these students have a good family language learning environment, such as parents' higher education level, or the family has more books.

另外，从许多杰出人物身上，也可以发现类似的现象。比如着名作家叶至善、王安忆、老鬼，甚至周氏三兄弟（周树人、周作人、周建人）等，他们都有他人不可比拟的语文学习环境，前三位的父亲或母亲在语文方面都有杰出成就，他们分别是叶圣陶、茹志鹃、杨沫，同样周氏兄弟的祖、父辈在语文方面也都有很高的造诣。

In addition, similar phenomena can be found in many outstanding figures. For example, famous writers Ye Zhishan, Wang Anyi, the old ghost, and even the three brothers of Zhou family (Zhou Shuren, Zhou Zuoren, ZHOU Jianren) all have incomparable Chinese learning environment. The first three fathers or mothers have outstanding achievements in Chinese, they are Ye Shengtao, Ru Zhijuan and Yang Mo respectively. Similarly, the ancestors and fathers of Zhou family are also very high in Chinese Attainments.

这些人从家庭中汲取了充分的语文养分。

These people have absorbed sufficient Chinese nutrients from their families.

还有本世纪上叶南开中学培养一大批才华横溢的人才，诸如曹禺、周恩来等，深入研究一下，发现当时南开中学语文第二课堂搞得非常生动。

In the last century, Nankai Middle School trained a large number of talented talents, such as Cao Yu and Zhou Enlai. After in-depth study, we found that the second Chinese class of Nankai Middle School was very lively at that time.

凡此种种现象不能不令人把思考的视野投向更广阔的空间，去探索、研究影响语文学习的因素，其中特别是学习主体之外的因素。

All these phenomena can't help but throw the thinking field of vision into a broader space to explore and study the factors affecting Chinese learning, especially those outside the learning subject.

学习环境，在国内外，从古代到近代早已为人所注意。

Learning environment, at home and abroad, has long been noticed from ancient times to modern times.

古罗马着名教育家昆体良在他的文章中多次提到孩子保姆语言的要求。他说：“最要紧的是，孩子的保姆应当是说话准确的人。儿童首先听到的是他们的声音，首先模仿的是他们的言语。”

Kuntiriang, a famous educator in ancient Rome, mentioned many times in his articles the requirements of babysitting language. "The most important thing is that the baby sitter should be someone who speaks accurately," he said. The first thing children hear is their voice, and the first thing they imitate is their speech. "

我国古代教育家也十分重视学习环境的作用，在他们的论着中论述了学习环境对人的影响，如墨子认为：“人性如素丝，染于苍则苍，染于黄则黄”；庄子认为：“婴儿生无硕师而能方，与能方者处也”；荀子则说：“居楚而楚，居越而越，居夏而夏：是非天性也，积靡使然也。”

Ancient Chinese educators also attached great importance to the role of learning environment. In their comments, they discussed the influence of learning environment on human beings. For example, Mozi thought that "human nature is like plain silk, dyed in the sky, dyed in the yellow; Zhuangzi thought that" a baby without a master can be treated as a prescription, and it can be treated as a prescription "; Xunzi said:" living in Chu and Chu, living in Yue and Yue, living in summer and summer: neither nature nor nature It's all for the best. "

近代教育家康有为也深刻地认识到学习环境的重要意义。他在《大同书》里说：“婴儿知识日开，感染不可不慎。故设院之地不可近戏院，声伎之地，葬坟火化旁，作厂、市场、车场哗嚣之所，以慎外感之染而保清明纯固之神。”

Kang Youwei, a modern educator, also realized the importance of learning environment. In the book of great harmony, he said: "the knowledge of babies is growing day by day, so we should not be careless about infection. Therefore, it is not allowed to close to the theater, the place of singing and dancing, the place beside the cremation of the grave, the place where factories, markets, and car parks are clamorous, so as to protect the pure and solid God of Qingming with care of external feelings. "

但是，真正对学习环境进行系统研究的尚少。

However, there are few systematic researches on learning environment.

中央教科所田慧生《教学环境论》（1996年版）说到：“教学环境是近年来国际学术界颇为引人瞩目的一个新兴研究领域”、“是我国教育领域一块待开的处女地”。这本书是我国教学环境研究领域的开山之作，正如他的导师李秉德先生《序》中所言：“这本书是具有开拓性的，甚至可以说是填补了这方面专门研究的一块空白。”

"The teaching environment is a new research field that attracts the attention of the international academic community in recent years," said Tian Huisheng of the Central Institute of Education (1996 edition), "it is a virgin land to be opened in the field of education in China". This book is a pioneering work in the field of teaching environment research in China. As his tutor, Mr. Li Bingde, said in the preface, "this book is groundbreaking and even fills a gap in this field of special research."

语文教学环境方面研究论着据我所见，仅有于源泉、倪山编着的《存在与发展——语文教学生态论》，韦志成着的《语文教学情境论》等。而对语文学习环境研究的论着显得更少、或更欠缺。张孝纯：“大语文教育观”有语文学习环境的思想，并且“一体两翼”的说法中也提出了“学习环境”的概念，但它是相对于语文第二课堂而说的，外延较窄，不能涵盖影响语文学习的外在因素。因此，他的理论不能称之为是完备的语文学习环境理论体系。其次，北师大张鸿苓《语文教育学》中有一章《构建良好的语文学习环境》，观其内容主要集中在学校课外活动。其他人也有零星提及，但都不够完备，就不一一赘述。

As far as I can see, the research on Chinese teaching environment is only based on the "existence and development - Chinese teaching ecology theory" compiled by Yuanyuan and Ni Shan, and the "Chinese teaching situation theory" compiled by Wei Zhicheng. However, the study of Chinese learning environment is less or less. Zhang Xiaochun: the concept of "big Chinese education" has the thought of Chinese learning environment, and the concept of "learning environment" is also put forward in the statement of "one body and two wings". However, compared with the second Chinese classroom, it has a narrow extension and cannot cover the external factors that affect Chinese learning. Therefore, his theory can not be called a complete theoretical system of Chinese learning environment. Secondly, there is a chapter "building a good learning environment of Chinese" in zhanghongling's "Chinese Pedagogy" of Beijing Normal University. Others have mentioned them sporadically, but they are not complete enough, so they will not repeat them one by one.

中学以生语文学习环境研究具有深远意义，能够开阔提高中学语文教学质量的视野，打破往把提高语文教学质量的途径仅仅局限在课堂教学研究的狭隘意识，使语文学习生活化，强化学生的主体意识，培养学习语文的习惯、兴趣和对美的追求，提高语文运用的能力。

The research on the learning environment of Chinese for middle school students is of far-reaching significance, which can broaden the vision of improving the quality of Chinese teaching in middle school, break the narrow sense that the way to improve the quality of Chinese teaching is only limited to classroom teaching research, make Chinese learning life oriented, strengthen students' subject consciousness, cultivate the habit, interest and pursuit of beauty of learning Chinese, and improve the ability of using Chinese 。