2017年中考英语语法专题详解三

　　

　　专题五 形容词、副 词

　　一、形容词

　　1、 形容词概述

　　形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。大部分形容词直接说明事物的性质或特征，有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的，beautiful美丽的。有的形容词只能作表语，没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。例如：afraid害怕的，asleep睡着的。

　　2、 形容词的用法

　　1)作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前面。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为词尾的词语即复合不定代词时，要放在这些词之后。

　　例如：What an interesting movie it is! 多有趣的一部电影啊!

　　There is nothing interesting in today’s newspaper.今天的报纸没有什么有趣的内容。

　　2)作表语放在系动词后面。

　　例如：The food smells delicious. 食物闻起来很香。

　　3)位于宾语后做宾语补足语。

　　例如：You must keep your classroom clean and tidy.你们必须保持教室干净整洁。

　　4)少数形容词只能作表语，如：afraid, asleep, awake, alone, alive, well(健康的),ill，sorry，glad，sure，pleased等。

　　例如：He is alone in the classroom.他独自在教室。

　　She has been asleep for three hours.她睡了三个小时了。

　　5)某些形容词之前加上冠词the表示一类人，如 the rich, the poor, the young, the old, the deaf, the blind, the living, the dead, the hungry等。

　　例如：The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。

　　The young should be polite to the old.年轻人对老年人应该有礼貌。

　　二、副词

　　1、 副词概述

　　副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，其他副词或句子。

　　2、 副词的分类和用法

　　1) 时间副词：如now，today，yesterday，soon等，在句子中担任时间状语，是决定动词时态的主要依据之一。

　　例如：There is going to be a class meeting tomorrow.明天将有一个班会。

　　They visited the aquarium yesterday. 他们昨天参观了水族馆。

　　2) 频度副词：如sometimes，often, always, usually等，在句子中担任时间状语，是决定动词时态的主要依据之一。

　　例如：They have never seen each other before.他们以前从未见过面。

　　What do you usually do on weekends?你们周末通常做什么?

　　3) 地点副词：如here, there, home, somewhere, anywhere，outside等，在句子中担任地点状语。

　　例如：I have looked for my pen everywhere, but I can’t find it anywhere.我到处找了我的钢笔，但哪儿都没看见。

　　4) 方式副词：如slowly, quickly, fast, luckily, easily等，在句子中担任方式状语。这类副词大都由“形容词+ly”构成。

　　例如：Please speak more slowly so that we can hear you clearly.请慢点说以便我们能够听清楚你说的内容。

　　5) 程度副词：如very, quite, rather, too, much, so等，在句子中修饰形容词或其他副词，作状语。

　　例如：It’s much too hot in Changsha these days.这些天长沙太热了。

　　The little boy can play the guitar very well.这小男孩吉他弹得非常好。

　　6) 疑问副词：如when, where, why, how, how long, how soon, how often, how far，how old等，放在句首构成特殊疑问句。

　　例如：How soon will your father be back home? 你爸过多久回到家?

　　How often do you go to the movie? 你们隔多久看一次电影?

　　7) 关系副词：如when, where, why, how等，用来引导相关从句。

　　例如：What were you doing when the UFO landed? UFO着陆时你在干什么?

　　I ‘d like to go somewhere where people are friendly. 我想去人们友好的地方。

　　3、副词的位置

　　总的来说，很多副词的位置比较灵活，在句子开头、中间、结尾都可以。但是请注意下面几点：

　　1)频度副词作状语时放在be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词之前。

　　例如：He is never late for school.他上学从不迟到。

　　He usually goes to see his grandparents on Saturday. 他通常周六去看望爷爷奶奶。

　　2)enough修饰形容词或副词时要放在被修饰词的后面。

　　例如：The little boy isn’t old enough to go to school. 小男孩没到上学的年龄。

　　He ran fast enough to catch the thief. 他跑得够快，抓住了小偷。

　　三、形容词和副词的比较等级

　　1、 形容词和副词比较等级的构成

　　绝大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：原级(原形)、比较级和级，他们的构成规则大致相同。列表如下：

　　表一：规则变化

　　构成方法

　　原级

　　比较级

　　级

　　单音节

　　词和少

　　数双音

　　节词

　　一般直接在词尾加-er，-est

　　tall

　　short

　　taller

　　shorter

　　tallest

　　shortest

　　以不发音的e结尾的加-er，-st

　　nice

　　large

　　nicer

　　larger

　　nicest

　　largest

　　以辅音字母加y结尾的，先改y为i，再加-er，-est

　　heavy

　　early

　　heavier

　　earlier

　　heaviest

　　earliest

　　以重读闭音节结尾、且词尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母，再加-er，-est

　　thin

　　big

　　thinner

　　bigger

　　thinnest

　　biggest

　　多音节词和部分双音节词（尤其是带词缀的双音节词）

　　在原级前加more，most

　　interesting

　　important

　　quickly

　　more interesting

　　more important

　　more quickly

　　most interesting

　　most important

　　most quickly

　　表二：不规则变化

　　原级

　　比较级

　　级

　　good, well

　　better

　　best

　　many, much

　　more

　　most

　　bad,ill, badly

　　worse

　　worst

　　little

　　less

　　least

　　far

　　farther较远（字面意义）

　　further进一步（引申意义）

　　farthest最远（字面意义）

　　furthest限度（引申意义）

　　old

　　older年纪较大的（用于比较级）

　　elder较年长的（只用作定语）

　　oldest年纪的（用于级）

　　eldest最年长的（只用作定语）

　　2、形容词、副词比较级和级的用法

　　1)两者之间进行比较用比较级。其常见句子结构为：A +谓语动词+比较级+than+B。

　　例如：This tree is taller than that one.这棵树比那棵树高。

　　Lily has more friends than I. 莉莉比我朋友多。

　　Tom runs faster than Jim. 汤姆比吉姆跑得快。

　　注：可以用程度副词a little, a lot, a bit, much, even, still, far等修饰比较级，表示比较的程度差异。

　　例如：It is much hotter in Changsha than that in Beijing in summer.长沙的夏天比北京的夏天热得多。

　　He studies English a lot harder than the other students in his class.他学英语比班上其他同学努力得多。

　　2)在三者或三者以上的人或物之间进行比较时用级，形容词级前必须加定冠词the，副词级前the可加可不加，句子中常有in或of短语来表示比较的范围。其常见句子结构为：A+谓语动词+the+级+比较范围。

　　例如：Changjiang is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流。

　　Rruce runs fastest of the three. 布鲁斯是三个人中跑得最快的。

　　3)表示A和B在某一方面相同或不及时用同级比较。其常见句型为：A+谓语动词+as+原级+as+B。其否定结构为：A+谓语动词(not)+as/so+原级+as+B。

　　例如：English is as important as Chinese.英语和语文一样重要。

　　Math is not as interesting as History. 数学不如历史有趣味。

　　He speaks English as well as Chinese. 他英语和汉语说得一样好。

　　She doesn’t do her homework as carefully as her brother.她做作业不如她哥哥细心。

　　4)选择疑问句比较级和级的句型分别为：“疑问词+谓语动词+比较级，A or B?”和“疑问词+谓语动词+级，A，B or C?”

　　例如：Which is bigger, the sun or the earth?太阳或地球，哪个更大?

　　Which is the biggest, the sun, the earth or the moon? 太阳、地球或月亮，哪个?

　　Who plays soccer better, David or Martin?戴维或马丁，谁足球踢得更好?

　　Who plays soccer best, David, Martin or Bill?戴维、马丁或比尔，谁足球踢得?

　　5)表示“越……就越……”时，其句型为“the +比较级，the+比较级”。

　　例如：The more trees, the better. 树木越多越好。

　　The harder you study, the better grades you will get. 学习越努力，成绩就越好。

　　6)表示“越来越……”时，用比较级的叠加形式，即：比较级+ and+比较级。

　　例如：It’s getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了。

　　The city is becoming more and more beautiful. 城市越来越漂亮了。

　　实战演练(2×50) 计分:

　　1 In Huaihua it’s ________ in summer, but it is even _______ in Changsha.

　　A. hotter, hottest B. hot, hotter C. hotter, hot

　　2 The sea looks very _____ when the sun is shining on it.

　　A. beautiful B. more beautiful C. the most beautiful

　　3 Can you go shopping with me ? I have _______ to buy.

　　A. something useful B. useful something C. nothing useful

　　4 At my birthday party, my friend Helen is _______ to make us all _______.

　　A. enough funny, laugh B. funny enough, laugh C. enough funny, to laugh

　　5 The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. What _____ news to us all at that moment!

　　A. an exciting B. an excited C. exciting

　　6 His father began to work as ________ as he was seventeen.

　　A. old B. early C. far

　　7 Henry is a little _________ than Bill.

　　A. strong B. stronger C. strongest

　　8 ________, the healthier you will be.

　　A. The more money you get B. The taller you are C. The better habits you have

　　9 The doctor told Mary to eat _________ vegetables and _______ meat because she was getting fatter and fatter.

　　A. much; little B. more ; less C. many; few

　　10 ---What do you think of the lecture(演讲) of Li Yang’s Crazy English?

　　---I think it’s ________, but someone thinks it’s much too _______.

　　A. wonderful enough; bored B. enough wonderful; boring

　　C. wonderful enough; boring

　　11 She told us a story. Her voice sounded ________.

　　A. sweet B. small C. clearly D. sadly

　　12 ---I think our chemistry teacher is working hard. He teaches us _______.

　　---Yes, but he hasn’t come today. He doesn’t feel _______.

　　A. good; well B. well; well C. well; good

　　13 ---Mum, could I have an MP3 like this?

　　---Certainly, we can buy _______ one, but as good as this.

　　A. a cheap B. a cheapest C. a cheaper

　　14 This sweater doesn’t suit me. It’s a bit small. Could you give me ______ one?

　　A. a large B. a larger C. the largest

　　15 This math problem is ________ that one.

　　A. not so easy as B. more easy than C. easy than

　　16 When winter comes, the days get ________.

　　A. short and short B. shorter and shorter C. long and long

　　17 Paul is the _______ of the two children in his family.

　　A. most fattest B. fattest C. fatter

　　18 ---This cake is delicious. ---Well, at least it is ________ the one I baked last week.

　　A. as worse as B. as better than C. not worse than

　　19 They have just cleaned the windows, so the room looks _______.

　　A. much brighter B. more bright C. less bright

　　20 ---Why didn’t you enjoy the talk? ---It was ________ talk that I had ever listened to.

　　A. the most interesting B. the least interesting C. more interesting

　　21 Shanghai is bigger than _________ in Australia.

　　A. any city B. any cities C. any other city

　　22 ---You have got the same shirt as I ---Yes. Mine is ______, but not so ______ as yours.

　　A. better; expensive B. better; more expensive C. more better; expensive

　　23 Now the air in our town is _______ than it used to be. Something must be done to stop it.

　　A. very good B. much better C. even worse

　　24 It’s _______ today than yesterday.

　　A. quite colder B. a little colder C. much cold

　　25 Who runs ______, Tom or Jim?

　　A. fast B. faster C. fastest

　　26 We should use ______ plastic bags to protect our environment.

　　A. more B. less C. fewer

　　27 ---________ is Lucky 52 shown on CCTV-2? ---Every week.

　　A. How far B. How often C. How long

　　28 My classmates don’t smoke. I don’t, ________.

　　A. too B. neither C. either

　　29 ---What do you think of the football match? ---Wonderful. They have never played ______.

　　A. best B. better C. worse

　　30 Though the player is over thirty, he can still run ______ some younger players.

　　A. as fast as B. so fast as C. much fast than

　　31 ---You are standing too near to the TV. Can you move a bit _______?

　　---OK, Mom. Is it all right here?

　　A. faster B. slower C. farther D. nearer

　　32 Though he has studied ____ at Russian for ten months, he can still _____ speak the language.

　　A. hard; hard B. hardly; hardly C. hard; hardly

　　33 Don’t worry, sir. I’m sure I can run ______ to catch up with him.

　　A. fast enough B. enough fast C. slowly enough

　　34 Of all the students, Linda draws ________ carefully.

　　A. most B. much C. more

　　35 Wang Ping does ______ in physics of all the subjects.

　　A. badly B. most badly C. worst

　　36 ---How does Bill drive now, Sue? ---He drives _______ me.

　　A. much more careful than B. as careful as C. even more carefully than

　　37 Please write to me as______ as possible.

　　A. soon B. quickly C. fast

　　38 ou will realize the importance of mastering a foreign language ______ in the future.

　　A. sometime B. some times C. sometimes

　　39 It’s _______ a beautiful stamp.

　　A. quite B. too C. very

　　40 Bob never does his homework _______ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes.

　　A. so careful as B. as carefully as C. carefully as

　　41 Among the three boys he works perhaps the ____________.

　　A. hard B. harder C. hardest D. most hard

　　42 She always finishes her homework on time. She _______ leaves it for tomorrow.

　　A. always B. never C. usually

　　43 The more we look at the picture, ______.

　　A. the better we liked it B. the less we like it C. we like it less

　　44 Who used to get up ________ in your class during the summer trip?

　　A. earlier B. earliest C. the most early

　　45 ---Do you prefer music to drawing? ---No. I like drawing _______.

　　A. well B. most C. better

　　46 Don’t worry. We’ve got ________ for all of you.

　　A. big enough a room B. enough big a room C. a big enough room

　　47 Can you imagine that _______ little ants can carry ______ many big worms?

　　A. so; so B. such; such C. such; so D. so; such

　　48 ---Did Han Meimei pick a lot of apples?

　　---Yes. She picked _______ than any of us.

　　A. many more B. much more C. the most

　　49 ---Who jumped the _______ of all in the long jump? ---Li Lei did.

　　A. longest B. longer C. farthest

　　50 Beijing has _____ many buses that there is often a traffic jam in rush hours.

　　A. so B. very C. too

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