2017年中考英语语法专题详解四

　　

　　专题六 动词的分类

　　一、动词概述及分类

　　根据其句法功能，动词可以分为四大类，列表如下。

　　动

　　词

　　1、实义动词（行为动词）

　　及物动词

　　+宾语，构成主谓宾句型

　　+双宾语，构成主谓双宾句型

　　+复合宾语，构成主位复宾句型

　　不及物动词

　　2、连系动词

　　be, seem, look, sound, smell, turn, get, become等+表语，构成主系表句型

　　3、助动词

　　be

　　+doing，构成进行时

　　+done，构成被动语态

　　have

　　+done，构成完成时态

　　+been doing，构成完成进行时态

　　肯定式do（does，did）；

　　否定式：don’t（doesn’t，didn’t）

　　帮助行为动词的一般现在时、一般过去时构成疑问句；

　　帮助行为动词的一般现在时、一般过去时构成否定与

　　will, shall, should, would

　　+动词原形构成将来时

　　4、情态动词

　　can, may, must, might, could等

　　后接动词原形一起构成谓语

　　二、实义动词及用法

　　实义动词也叫行为动词，是四类动词中能独立作谓语的一类动词。根据其句法功能可以分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。

　　1、及物动词

　　及物动词本身意义不够完整，需要后接宾语才能使其意思完整。

　　1)动词+宾语，构成主谓宾句型。

　　例如：Could you please clean the blackboard? 请你擦黑板好吗?

　　We learn English every day. 我们每天学习英语。

　　2)动词+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语 / 动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，构成主谓双宾句型。有的动词必须在后面带表示人的间接宾语和表示物的直接宾语，即两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。

　　例如：Who teaches you English? 谁教你们英语?

　　Please pass me the book.= Please pass the book to me.请把那本书递给我。

　　My mother bought me a snow globe on my birthday.

　　= My mother bought a snow globe for me on my birthday.

　　我过生日时我妈买给我一个雪球。

　　常见的带双宾语的动词有：pass, give, bring, buy, get, leave, lend, make, cook, teach, tell, write, read, return, ask, show等。

　　3)动词+宾语+宾语补足语，构成主谓复宾句型。有的动词必须在宾语后再加上形容词、副词、名词、不定式、-ing形式、介词短语等做宾语补足语，构成复合宾语，句子意思才能够表达完整。

　　例如：Please keep the door open. 请让门开着。(形容词open做宾补)

　　I often see the children play in the park。我经常看见孩子们在公园里玩。(不带to的不定式play做宾补).

　　You can call me Mrs Jones.你们可以称呼我琼斯夫人。(名词Mrs Jones做宾补)

　　动词see, hear, watch, make, let, have, notice, find等经常以动词不定式或-ing形式做宾补。

　　2、不及物动词

　　1)不及物动词自身意思完整，无需再接宾语。

　　例如：Horses run fast。马儿跑得快。

　　He sings well. 他唱得好。

　　2)很多不及物动词也可以用作及物动词，还有的不及物动词后带上某个介词就成了带宾语的及物动词。

　　例如：They are reading. 他们在朗读。(read为不及物动词)

　　They are reading English. 他们在朗读英语。(read为及物动词)

　　He is waiting at the bus stop.他在公交车站等。(wait为不及物动词)

　　He is waiting for me at the bus stop.他在公交车站等我。(wait for为及物动词，带me做宾语)

　　三、连系动词

　　连系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和其后面的表语一起构成合成谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份。

　　常见的连系动词有be， become(变得、成为)， get(变得)， look(看起来)，seem(似乎、好像)，turn(变得)，sound(听起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝起来)，feel(摸起来)等。除be以外的连系动词大多数时候是实义动词，他们用作连系动词时多数没有进行时态，也没有被动语态。

　　例如：He is angry.他生气了。

　　He got angry at the news.听到这个消息他生气了。

　　That sounds good.那听起来不错。

　　Trees turn green when spring comes.春天来临，树叶转绿。

　　China is getting stronger and stronger.中国正变得越来越强大。

　　四、助动词

　　助动词本身没有词义或意思不完整，不能单独作谓语。它们的主要作用是帮助构成时态、语态、疑问句或否定句等。

　　1、助动词be(am, is, are, was, were)

　　1) be+doing(现在分词), 构成进行时

　　例如：They are listening to music.他们在听音乐。(be的现在时形式帮助构成现在进行时)

　　They were walking down the street when the UFO landed.(be的过去时形式帮助构成过去进行时)

　　2)be+done(及物动词的过去分词), 构成被动语态

　　例如：The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison.电灯泡是由托马斯.爱迪生发明的。(be的过去时形式帮助构成过去时的被动语态)

　　The classroom is cleaned every day.教室每天打扫。(be的现在时形式帮助构成现在时的被动语态)

　　The problem will be solved next week.这个问题将在下周得到解决。(be的将来时形式帮助构成将来时的被动语态)

　　2、have (has, had)

　　1)have/has/had+done(动词的过去分词)，构成完成时态。

　　例如：They have already done their homework.他们已经完成作业。(have+过去分词构成现在完成时)

　　He hasn’t come yet.他还没有回来。(has+过去分词构成现在完成时)

　　The bus had gone when I got to the bus stop.我到达车站时公交车已经离开。(had+过去分词构成过去完成时)

　　2)have/has/had+been+doing(动词的现在分词)，构成完成进行时态。

　　例如：How long have you been collecting shells?你收集贝壳有多长时间了?

　　He has been studying English since five years ago.他从5年前开始就一直在学习英语。

　　3、助动词do/ does/ did

　　助动词do/ does/ did主要帮助构成疑问句，也可用于倒装句、强调句或代替上文提到过的行为等。他们的否定式don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t帮助构成否定句。

　　例如：Does he often play sports after school?他经常放学后做运动吗?

　　We don’t speak Japanese.我们不说日语。

　　Did they visit the Palace Museum on their last day off?他们上个休息日参观故宫了吗?

　　She didn’t watch TV yesterday evening.她昨晚上没看电视。

　　4、助动词will, shall, would, should

　　助动词will, shall主要用于构成一般将来时，其中will可用于各人称，而shall一般只用于第一人称。would，should是will，shall的过去式，可以用于构成过去将来时，但很多时候被用作情态动词。

　　例如：There will be more trees and less pollution in the future.将来会有更多的树木，更少的污染。(帮助构成一般将来时)

　　Shall we go to the park on the weekend?我们周末去公园好吗?(一般将来时，用于提出建议)

　　They said they would come the next day.他们说他们第二天来。(帮助构成过去将来时)

　　Would you mind my turning down the radio?你介意我关小收音机吗?(用于礼貌地提出建议)

　　You should lie down and rest. 你应该躺下休息。(用于提供建议)

　　5、情态动词can, may, must, might, could等

　　情态动词具有一定的词义，用以表达说话人的态度或情感，必须和后面的实义动词一起构成合成谓语。(请详见专题七 情态动词)

　　实战演练(2×30) 计分:

　　1 Good news, boys! There is going to ______ a basketball match next week.

　　A. have B. has C. be

　　2 Kangkang hardly has lunch at school on Sunday, ________?

　　A. does he B. has he C. doesn’t he

　　3 You had a good time during the May Day holiday, _______ you?

　　A. hadn’t B. didn’t C. haven’t

　　4 ---She’s back from Australia, _________ she? ---Yes, she came back last night.

　　A. wasn’t B. hasn’t C. isn’t

　　5 Linda, please ______ these flowers ______ the classroom.

　　A. bring; in B. take; in C. take; to

　　6 ---Would you mind turning down the TV? ---________.

　　A. Yes, I would mind B. No, I didn’t C. No, not at all

　　7 ---How long _______ you _______ this TV set? ---For five years.

　　A. did; buy B. have; had C. were; buying

　　8 She has finished her homework, ________?

　　A. hasn’t she B. does she C. has she

　　9 This week, the weather___ to change every day: One day is hot, the next is cold.

　　A. seems B. looks C. sounds

　　10 I told my mother I wasn’t worried about my exam. But in fact, I _____.

　　A. did B. was C. have

　　11 ---When ______ your mother _______ you that blue dress , Mary?

　　---Sorry , I really can’t remember.

　　A. does; buy B has; bought C. did; buy

　　12 ---You seem to know much about the city. ---That’s true . I ____ it three times .

　　A. visited B. had visited C. have visited

　　13 Hi, Mr.Smith . I didn’t know you were in New York. How long ____ here ?

　　A. have you come B. were you C. have you been

　　14 Time goes by fast. We must never miss the chance to show love to our parents and make them ___how much they mean to us.

　　A. to know B. knowing C. know

　　15 ----It’s a secret between us . Don’t tell anybody ! ----- Sure,_____.

　　A I, do B I, won’t C I will

　　16 ---Excuse me. You shouldn’t smoke here. Look at the sign “NO SMOKING HERE”.

　　---Sorry, I ________ it.

　　A. doesn’t see B. haven’t seen C. didn’t see

　　17 There _______ a lot of changes here since 1980.

　　A. have been B. have had C. will be

　　18 The car doesn’t work. What ______ we _______?

　　A. do; do B. are; doing C. shall; do

　　19 I love to go to the seaside in summer. It _______ good to lie in the sun or swim in the water.

　　A. does B. feels C. gets

　　20 He told me he ______ care of my child while I ______ away.

　　A. will take; am B. took; was C. would take; was

　　21 Jean wants to go to China but she ______ money.

　　A. doesn’t have B. doesn’t have no C. does have

　　22 In our school library there ______ a number of books on science and the number of them _______ growing larger and larger.

　　A. is; are B. are; is C. has; is

　　23 Will you please ______ me your math book this afternoon?

　　A. lending B. lend C. to lend

　　24 ---Do you plant trees in spring? ---Yes. Many trees _______ in our city every year.

　　A. are planting B. are planted C. were planted

　　25 Now Chinese is becoming more and more popular. It ____ in many schools around the world.

　　A. teaches B. is teaching C. is taught

　　26 ---Do you know the Winter Olympic Games?

　　---Sure. Once the Winter Olympics _______ the White Olympics.

　　A. call B. called C. was called

　　27 Children should _____ not to break the traffic rules.

　　A. tell B. be telling C. be told

　　28 ---What’s wrong with you, Sandy? You look so worried.

　　---My pet cat _______ by a car this afternoon. And it is in hospital now.

　　A. is hit B. was hit C. hit

　　29 ---Mum, can I go skating now? ---Well, you may go after your homework_______.

　　A. has finished B. will finish C. is finished

　　30 We are often told ______ at people who are in trouble.

　　A. not to smile B. to smile C. not to laugh

　　1-5 CABBC 6-10 CBAAB 11-15 CCCCB 16-20 CACBC

　　21-25 ABBBC 26-30 CCBCC