托福听力历史类话题解题5个要点分析

托福听力如何培养边听边记能力?正确的训练方法看这里。今天小编给大家带来托福听力如何培养边听边记能力，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福听力如何培养边听边记能力?正确的训练方法看这里

托福听力听写技巧怎么练?

考生想要训练出足以应对托福听力的听写技巧，就需要注意听和写两者之间的平衡，既不能让听耽误了记笔记，也不能为了记笔记而漏听了重要细节。这其中的度需要把握好。而说到具体的训练方法，大家需要遵循以下4个步骤来练习：

第一步：听大意

一段录音拿到手之后，考生首先要做的是从头到尾听几遍，争取听懂其大意，分出句子和段落。这就好比做阅读先把文章大致过一遍是一个道理，第一遍听材料也是一样，先留下正确的初始印象才能为之后的练习打好基础。

第二步：以句子为单位反复地听

接下来大家就需要反复听句子了，这里要注意是以句子为单位，千万不要一个词一个词地听。每听一遍都要把自己听到的词按照Speaker说话的顺序写下来，没听出来的先空着。然后再重复以上操作，直到把自己能听出来的都写下来为止。接下来势必要搞清楚每个词在句子中的作用，自己写下来的这个句子的主谓宾都是由哪些词来担当。

第三步：自我检查是否有遗漏环节

在重复第二步的操作直到听完整段录音后，大家这个时候不要急着查看听力文本，应该回过头去查看自己没有听出来的地方，以纵览全篇的角度再推敲一遍没听出来的地方。

第四步：查对听力文本

最后的步骤就是查看并核对听力文本，这个步骤虽然相对简单但一定要仔细，考生不能放过任何一个错误。而从这些错误中，大家才能发现自己在听写训练中存在的问题和不足，为之后提升听写能力找到方向。

2020托福听力练习：狒狒的叫声遵循蒙采拉特定律

Communication on Twitter is artificially constrained:140 characters per tweet, max.

So it turns out the more words in a tweet, the shorter each word tends to be—at least according to one analysis.

Sort a makes sense on Twitter: there's a limited amount of space to play with.

But the weird thing is, that pattern—longer phrase, shorter words—also holds true in our everyday language too.

It's called Menzerath's law.

"And it's this idea of essentially compression in information."

Morgan Gustison, a psychologist at the University of Michigan.

"So Menzerath's Law, the way you define it is, the larger the whole, the smaller the parts."

Gustison and her colleagues tested out that rule of human language on the calls of geladas—relatives of baboons.

They analyzed more than a thousand of those call sequences—which are strung together from six distinct call types.

And they found that, just as the law would predict in human communication, the longer the gelada sequence, the shorter the constituent calls.

And the shorter the string? The longer the calls.

The study is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Gustison says the meaning of the calls is still a bit of a mystery.

But the fact that they obey the rule could suggest something important is going on.

"The interesting thing about it is it suggests there are universal principles that can underpin complex vocal systems.

And so the more you say, you find a more efficient way of saying it.

So that's what we think is going on with the geladas, is that they have so much to say, so they’re finding these strategies to make what they’re saying more efficient."

Might not be a bad thing to consider…the next time you have a lot of say.

在推特上交流会受到人工限制：每一篇最多是140个字符。

而最近的一项分析表明每篇推文内容越丰富，单词越简洁。

这似乎很合情理：因为推特只有有限的空间让用户进行分享。

狒狒叫声.jpg

但奇怪的是，这种较长的措辞，简洁的单词模式在我们的日常语言中也同样适用。

这被称为蒙采拉特定律。

“本质上这是一种信息压缩理念。”

密歇根大学的心理学家摩根·古斯特森说道。

因此蒙采拉特定律就如同其定义的一样，一种语言结构越长，则构成它的成分越短。

古斯特森和她的同事在人类的亲戚狒狒身上检测人类语言的这种规则。

研究人员对狒狒的上千种叫声序列进行了分析，而这些叫声由6种不同的声音类型串在一起。

而结果他们发现，就像蒙采拉特定律对人类交流信息的预测一样，狒狒叫声也遵循这种规律，声音序列时间越长，其组成部分越短。

那声音类型串越短会怎样?叫声越长。

这项研究已在《美国国家科学院院刊》杂志上发表。

古斯特森表示狒狒这种叫声有何意义仍是未解之谜。

但狒狒的叫声也遵循这种规律表明一些非常重要的事情。

“有趣的是复杂的发声体系背后蕴含着一些普遍的规则。

而你说的话越多，就会发现更为有效的表达方式。

我们认为狒狒的情况是，由于要交流的东西很多，因此它们采用这样的方式让其叫声更为有效。

下次当你在有很多话要说时，不妨考虑下这种规律。

1.turn out 关掉;结果是

例句:If I had known my life was going to turn out like this, I would have let them kill me.

如果我早知道自己的人生结局会是如此，我当时宁愿让他们杀了我。

2.at least 至少

例句:He's been away for at least a week.

他走了总有一个星期吧。

3.according to 根据

例句:Philip stayed at the hotel, according to Mr Hemming.

据亨明先生所说，菲利普住在旅馆里。

4.vocal system 发声系统

例句:As you are training your vocal system, watch the speed of your speaking.

在训练自己的发声系统时，要留意自己的语速。

2020托福听力练习：科学家扮成北极熊接近麝牛

"So I just don't approach, at least initially, a group of musk oxen."

Joel Berger, with the Wildlife Conservation Society and Colorado State University.

"What I do is to take into account other factors that might reflect their responses. And so what I need to know is something about the group size, whether or not males are in the group. I need to know something about snow depth, about snow penetration or how hard the snow is. And then I'll approach and try to understand whether they stay, whether they flee, whether they charge."

Oh, one more important point. When Berger approaches the musk oxen, on Russia's Wrangel Island north of the Arctic Circle, he's dressed up like a polar bear.

"I know the media has a good time when we dress up as animal models. Of course they do. But remember, two Nobel laureates, Conrad Lorentz and Niko Tinbergen, led the way for getting inside the minds of animals...and they've done this through innovative models."

Polar bears prefer seals for their meals. But the loss of sea ice is forcing them onto the land to hunt for prey that's usually not on their menu. The idea here is to gauge the response of musk oxen to this formerly rare threat.

"It's really tough to get inside the mind of a musk ox and especially to understand from mere anecdotes how they may respond in this emerging dynamic."

Berger works with Russian researchers on their side of the Bering Strait and with Americans in Alaska.

"We're currently in the process of evaluating more than 100 simulated interactions, some that include our three years of work in Alaska, as well as over on the Russian side...the last time I did something like this was about 15 years ago, to understand how moose and other species would respond to the new threat of wolves in and around the Yellowstone system."

Back then, Berger and his wife would get into a moose outfit to be able to get close to the ungulates. I wrote about that effort in 1997. You can find it by googling my name and Joel Berger—a man who's work really suits him. (That joke was unbearable.)

“我不会靠近，至少不会从一开始就靠近一群麝牛。”

乔尔·博格在野生动物保护协会和科罗拉多州立大学工作。

“我采取的方法是，把其他可能影响它们反应的因素都考虑进去。我需要知道麝牛群的规模，这群麝牛里是否有雄性麝牛。我还要了解积雪的深度、渗透性及硬度。之后我才会逐渐靠近它们，试图去了解它们是会留在原地，会逃走，还是会发动攻击。”

还有一个重点。博格在位于北极圈以北的俄罗斯弗兰格尔岛靠近麝牛时，他会打扮得像一只北极熊。

“我知道媒体看到我们打扮成动物的样子会很高兴。他们当然会高兴。不过要记住，引领我们去了解动物思想的是两位诺贝尔奖获得者——康拉德·洛伦兹和尼古拉斯·廷伯根，他们采用的就是创新模式。”

北极熊最爱吃海豹。但是海冰的减少迫使它们去陆地上捕食本不在它们捕食范围内的猎物。博格的目的是评估麝牛面对这种罕见威胁时的反应。

“了解麝牛的想法真的非常难，只凭轶事来了解他们会如何应对这种新出现的变化更难。”

博格同俄罗斯研究人员在白令海峡划分的俄罗斯境内一起工作，同美国研究人员在阿拉斯加工作。

“目前我们正在对100余个模拟交互作用进行评估，这其中包括阿拉斯加方面三年的工作成果，以及俄罗斯方面的成果，我上次做这种工作是在15年前，当时我研究的是驼鹿和其他物种如何应对黄石公园内部和周边狼群的威胁。”

那时，博格和他的妻子会穿上驼鹿装，以接近这一有蹄类哺乳动物。1997年时我曾写过有关那次研究的文章。听众可以用谷歌搜索我和博格的名字找到这篇文章，博格的工作真的很适合他。(这个玩笑很无聊)

重点讲解：

1. take into account 考虑到;把…计算在内;

例句：He will take into account my request.

他会考虑我的要求。

2. dress up 装扮;打扮;

例句：He often dresses up as a superman.

他经常把自己装扮成超人。

3. hunt for (人)打猎，猎杀;(动物)猎食;

例句：Davy liked to hunt for bears best of all.

大卫最喜欢猎熊了。

4. repond to 应对;作出回应;作出反应;

例句：A child's age affects the child how repond to the diaster.

孩子的年龄也会影响他们对灾难的反应。