2015考研数学（二）模拟试题及答案解析

　　

　　Unit 3

　　The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.(71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some，however，are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take，by persons in authority，act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.(72)This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted，however，that from time to time，questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.(73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

　　This kind of support，like all government support，requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straight forward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science，but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally，the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.(74)However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.(75)New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.

　　Unit 4

　　Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful，ground-clearing way to start.(71)Actually，it isn’t，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.

　　On one view of rights，to be sure，it necessarily follows that animals have none.72)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore，animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd，for exactly the same reason，so is the idea that tigers have rights. However，this is only one account，and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance，to infants，the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition，it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract?”

　　The point is this without agreement on the rights of people，arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.(73)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset :it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another，more fundamental question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?

　　Many deny it.(74)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.

　　This view，which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood，may seem bravely “logical.” In fact it is simply shallow: the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others interests against one s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough，for most，to engage sympathy.(75)When that happens，it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

　　Unit 3 翻译题解：

　　71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、 句子可以拆分为三段：

　　Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. / Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science / being to some extent self-accelerating.

　　第二、句子的结构：

　　1) 主干结构是对比句Some... are... reasonable results of... Others are reasonable consequences of...

　　2) particular advances后面有多重定语in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

　　第三、词的处理：

　　are... results of 是……的结果，来自于social needs 社会需求

　　to some extent 在一定程度上self-accelerating 自我加速

　　完整的译文：

　　71) 在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

　　72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、 句子可以拆分为三段：

　　This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion / that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment / cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

　　第二、句子的结构：

　　1) 主干结构是主句+ when引导的时间状语，when = at that time当时，那时。

　　2) 第一个that从句是主句宾语the conclusion的同位语。

　　3) that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是定语从句中的主语从句4) cannot generally be foreseen in detail是宾语从句的谓语。

　　第三、词的处理：

　　trend 趋势came to the conclusion 得出结论the specific demands 具体要求make of 向……提出scientific establishment 科研机构in detail 详尽

　　完整的译文：

　　72)这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

　　73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、 句子可以拆分为三段：

　　This seems mostly effectively done / by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals / but of possible consequence in the future.

　　第二、句子的结构：

　　1) 主干结构是系词+过去分词+被动宾语：This seems mostly effectively done by...

　　2) research后面是双重定语not related to... but of...由此断定related to意思等于of

　　第三、词的处理：

　　This (主语代词要译出来)这一问题done 解决not related to 与……无关immediate goals 当前目标possible consequence 可能的影响

　　完整的译文：

　　73) 给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。

　　74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、 句子可以拆分为三段：

　　However, the world is so made / that elegant systems are in principle unable to / deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.

　　第二、句子的结构：

　　1)主干结构是the world is so... that...

　　2) some后面有多重定语of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.

　　第三、词的处理：

　　elegant systems (精美的)完美的体系in principle 一般而言deal with 解决，处理aspects 原义是方面，联系上下文译成课题，问题

　　完整的译文：

　　74) 然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。

　　75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分为三段：

　　New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future / as they have in the past, / giving rise to new standards of elegance.

　　第二、句子的结构：

　　1)as well as和，以及，连接两个并列主语，must arise作句子谓语

　　2)as they have in the past方式状语，as就像是……，同……一样

　　3)giving rise to...表示伴随状语。

　　第三、词的处理：

　　New forms of thought 新的思维方式new subjects for thought 新的思维对象

　　arise 出现giving rise to 给出，产生，带来new standards of elegance 完美的新标准

　　完整的译文：

　　75) 同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准

　　Unit 4　翻译题解：

　　71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、 句子可以拆分为三段：

　　Actually, it isn't, because it assumes / that there is an agreed account of human rights, / which is something the world does not have.

　　第二、句子主干结构是主从复合句。

　　1)because引导原因状语从句

　　2)that引导宾语从句，从句中是存在句结构there is an agreed account of human rights,3)which从句的先行词是human rights，something后面是定语从句the world does not have.第三、词的处理：

　　Actually 事实上　it主语代词，根据上下文意思这种问法，这种说法，isn't后面省略的词应该是so或true　an agreed account 约定的看法，共同的认识　human rights 人的权利，人权

　　完整的译文：

　　71)事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。

　　72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、 句子可以拆分为三段：

　　Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

　　第二、句子的结构：

　　1)主干结构是主从复合句：Some philosophers argue that...

　　2)that引导的是宾语从句

　　3)as part of...是宾语从句中的rights的主语补足语。

　　第三、词的处理：

　　argue 论证a social contract 社会契约

　　as part of 作为(是)……的一部分entitlements 利益，权利

　　完整的译文：

　　72)有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。

　　73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、 句子可以拆分为三段：

　　It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

　　第二、句子的结构是：

　　1)it invites you to think that...后面是宾语从句。

　　2) animals should be treated either with..., or with...要么……要么…… 是表示选择的方式状语

　　3)the consideration后面的humans extend to other humans是定语。

　　第三、词的处理：

　　leads ...to extremes 引向极端at the outset 从一开始invites you to think 使人们认为consideration 关切，体谅humans extend to other humans 人对待人

　　完整的译文：

　　73)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。

　　74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、 句子可以拆分为三段：

　　Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, / extremists of this kind think / that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

　　第二、句子的结构：

　　1)主干结构是现在分词短语状语，主语+谓语+宾语从句。Arguing from...现在分词短语作状语。

　　2) the view和后面的从句that...是同位语关系

　　3) that...引导宾语从句。

　　第三、词的处理：

　　Arguing from the view 从……观点看，持……观点different from... 与……不同in every relevant respect 在各相关方面extremists 极端主义者，持极端观点的人

　　lie outside the area of moral choice 不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关

　　完整的译文：

　　74)这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

　　75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、 句子可以拆分为三段：

　　When that happens, it is not a mistake: / it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, / an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

　　第二、句子主干结构是两个复合句：

　　1)When...是前一个复合句的时间状语

　　2)instinct后面的介词短语for moral reasoning in action是它的定语

　　3)that...是定语从句，修饰先行词an instinct，从句中是被动语态结构，表示选择。

　　第三、词的处理：

　　that (代词作主语)联系上下文译为这种反应mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德观念推理的本能in action 起作用rather than 而不

　　完整的译文：

　　75)这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。