Unit 1
According to the new school of scientists，technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.(71)Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(72)“In short”，a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
(73)Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo，Newton，Maxwell，Einstein，and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to，and derived great benefit from，craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
The centerpiece of the argument of a technologies，genius no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’ s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy，an astronomer of the second century，whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.(74)Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story，according to the new school of scientists，was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.(75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
Unit 2
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting，classifying，assigning，or promoting students，employees，and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines，the daily press，and even in Congress.(71)The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools，with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless，or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades，research productivity，sales records，or whatever is appropriate.(72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned，the skills he has developed，or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has，qualitatively，the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.(73)Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
(74)In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined. Properly used，they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized，but there are many things they do not do.(75)For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
Unit 1 翻译题解：
71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
Science moves forward, they say, / not so much through the insights of great men of genius / as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.
第二、句子主干结构是：
not so much through... as because of... 与其……倒不如…… 因为
not so much... as 是个并列结构，也就是说so和as后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词through的意思应该等于
because of 因为，由于。
第三、词的处理：
the insights of great men of genius是后面带定语的名词短语结构，后置定语的顺序应该在汉语翻译中应该倒过来，即从后往前翻译为：天才伟人的真知灼见。
more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool这是结构是介词like短语做定语修饰中心词
more ordinary things，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
they say插入语，按照汉语习惯，翻译时放在句首。
完整的译文：
71)他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
72) In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, / was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments / that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)系表结构：the scientific revolution... was largely...
2) that引导的定语从句，先行词是the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments
第三、词的处理：
In short 简而言之
the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments (词性转换)一系列器具的改进、发明和使用
expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction 直译：在难以计数的方向扩大了科学的范围
完整的译文：
72)新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。
73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
句子分析：
第一、 句子可以拆分为三段：
Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation / have largely been ignored / by historians and philosophers of science.
第二、句子主干结构是一个简单的被动语态句：
tools and technology...have largely been ignored by ...主语部分有一个themselves反身代词as a source of fundamental innovation介词短语做定语
第三、词的处理：
Over the years 多年来
philosophers of science 科学思想家们
完整的译文：
73)工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
Galileo's greatest glory was / that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens / to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)系表结构Galileo's greatest glory was that...
2)不定式短语作定语结构the first person to turn...
3)动词+宾语从句作目的状语to prove that...
第三、词的处理：
turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens (介词on译成动词)把新发明的望远镜对准天空
rather than 而不是
完整的译文：
74)伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。
75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa / often depends on the issue / of which is seen as the driving force.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)表示选择意思的从句Whether the Government ...or ...究竟是……还是……作句子的主语，谓语和宾语是depends on the issue
2)of which是宾语the issue的定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
increase the financing of pure science 增加对纯理论科学的经费投入
at the expense of technology 减少对技术经费的投入
the driving force 动力，驱动力量
完整的译文：
75)政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
Unit 2 翻译题解：
71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, / critics divert attention from the fault / that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
第二、句子主干结构是：简单句加for引导的原因状语。后面的that引导的是定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
The target 根据上下文，这里特指标准化测试
divert attention from 原义是把注意力引开，引申为没有注意到
lies with在于
ill-informed 不甚了解
incompetent users(词性转换)使用不当
完整的译文：
71)把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted
第二、句子主干结构是：
1) How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语
2) depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on...
3) the information used是名词+定语
4) with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the information
第三、词的处理：
be validated by 为……所证实 depends upon 取决于
reliability 可靠性 appropriateness 适应性 interpreted 解释
完整的译文：
72)这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability.
第二、句子主干结构是：Whether to use..., or both...引导主语从句depends是句子谓语，upon... and upon...是并列结构的双宾语。
第三、词的处理：
Whether to..., or 是……还是……
both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information
in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下
therefore 因此 the evidence from experience 经验依据concerning 与……有关的comparative validity 相对效度 such factors as... 诸如……等因素
完整的译文：
73)因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：
In general, the tests work most effectively / when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined / and least effectively / when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
第二、句子的结构：
1) 主干结构是一个排比句the tests work most effectively when...and least effectively when...2) 连词when引导的是状语从句，意思是当……的时候，从句中都是被动结构。
3) what is to be measured or predicted是第二个从句的主语。
第三、词的处理：
In general 一般的说work most effectively 最为有效
be most precisely defined 很精确界定measured 测定
完整的译文：
74)一般的说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：
For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell...
2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：... youngster might have been how able
3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up...
第三、词的处理：
they 指示代词，测试compensate for 弥补gross social inequality 明显的社会不公and thus 因此tell 说明underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下
完整的译文：
75)例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
