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2016年成人高考高起点物理单项选择练习

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  【导语】成功并不能用一个人达到什么地位来衡量,而是依据他在迈向成功的过程中,到底克服了多少困难和障碍。聪明出于勤奋,天才在于积累。以下我

  2017成人高考高起点复习《英语》同义词解析1

  The teacher allows too much noise in the classroom

  那位老师听任教室内有过分的嘈杂声。

  He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.

  他应该知道,警察是不会允许这种事情的。

  The dogs have greater freedom too,for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure.

  那些狗也有了较大的自由,因为允许它们在栅栏外面到处跑跑。

  而permit又不包含allow的这样一层含义:克制着自己不去禁止,而allow却不包含permit的这样的含义:同意或者默许

  We do not allow (or permit) gambling.

  我们不允许赌博;

  grant 所表示的“允许”包含这样的意思:上级就下级的要求,把自认为是一种恩惠或权利给予别人

  He requested that the premier grant him an internview.

  他要求那位总理接见他一次。

  Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a call-box.

  获得了许可后,一名警察陪他来到公用电话亭。

  composed of men of the same nationality or who spoke a common language.

  法令指出连队应当尽可能地由同一民族的人或操同一语言的人组成

  lift raise elevate

  都含“举起”的意思。

  lift 指“用体力或机械力把某物从地面举到一定的高度”,如:

  She can lift a pail of water from the ground.

  她能把一桶水提起来。

  raise 与Lift 可换用,但着重“垂直高举”或“将物件由较低处移至较高处的适宜位置,以发挥应有的作用”,如:

  raise a flag.

  升旗。

  elevate 指“提高(嗓子、思想等)”,如:

  Good reading elevates the mind.

  阅读好书可使思想高尚。

  lift,raise,rear,elevate,hoist 这组动词的一般含义是“提起”,“举起”。

  lift 强调“提升很重的或者抬起比较重的东西”,当用于比喻时,可以指雄伟高大的建筑物或大山的“高耸入云”

  The dish now had to be lifted vertically because one edge was resting against the side of the canal.

  现在必须垂直着提升馅饼盘,因为盘的一边靠在运河的侧面上。

  raise 在用于“提升”的意义时,可包含费力也可能不包含费力,但总带有“垂直”提升的意思;在用于比喻时,可以表示喂羊家畜、家禽,照料农作物的生长,募集资金,抬募军队,养育儿童等

  …there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom……。

  当从海底提上来一只箱子时,船上出现了极为兴奋的场面。

  Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another.

  我们的牧师老是在为这桩或那桩事募款。

  rear和raise在文学语言中常互换使用。在表示养育儿童时,rear 为美国南方各州惯用词

  She bore three children and reared (or reaised) two of them.

  她生过三个孩子,养大了两个。

  elevate 一般具有lift和raise的含义,但elevate 常用于抽象概念的提高,如“提高文学鉴赏力”,“提高情操”等

  Good reading elerates the mind.

  读好书可以提高情操。

  hoist 尤指“以机械提升重物”

  The cargo was soon hoisted into the ship.

  贷物很快就被吊进船舱。

  change,alter,vary,modify这组动词的一般含义是“改变”或“变化”。

  change 是通用词,它有两层基本含义:“变”和“换”。“变”可以指和原来的样子或性质稍有不同,也可以指有本质的差异。

  At first,she decided to go to the police,but fearing that she would never see Rastus again-the letter had made that quite clear-she changed her mind.

  起初,她决定去警察局,但是她由于担心再也见不到拉斯特斯了-那封信说得相当清楚-她改变了主意。

  He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.

  然后他换上工装裤,作为清洁工人度过接下去的八小时。

  alter 所表示的“改变”只是细节的,或外表的变化,并不表示本质的改变。如:把一件衣服改小一些或只把衣袖稍放肥一些,但衣服的式样仍然不变,这时用alter便很确当

  He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be alltered.

  他可以温和地指责一个官员,或者甚至建议议会修改法律条款。

  vary 一般表示转换、变易、增生所致的“变化”或“不同”

  The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.

  他所采取的行动,根据怨言的性质,而有所不同。

  modify 主要用来表示有局限性的“改变”,当用于事物时,它所表示的“改变”,在程度上要大于 alter,在用于人的态度时,它仅仅表示略加修饰,并不含有很大的变化

  The industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English society.

  工业革命变革了英国的整个社会结构。

  remain stay

  都指“继续停留”或“继续保持某种状态、关系或行动。”

  remain 常可与stay 互换,但它强调“继续停留于一处或保持原状态、情况性质而不改变”,如:

  This place remains cool all summer.

  这个地方整个夏天都凉爽。

  stay强调“某人[物]继续留在原地而不离开”,如:

  He stayed to see the end of the game.

  他一直呆到比赛结束

  ability,capacity,faculty,talent,skill,competence,aptitude

  These nouns denote the qualities in a person that permit or facilitate achievement or accomplishment.

  这些名词都表示某人具有取得进步或成功的素质。

  Ability is the power,mental or physical,to do something:

  Ability 是指智力或体力上具有做某事的能力:

  “To make a fortune some assistance from fate is essential. Ability alone is insufficient”

  (Ihara Saikaku)。

  “要致富,光靠能力是不够的,还得看机遇” (伊哈拉。塞科古)。

  Capacity refers to an innate potential for growth,development,or accomplishment:

  Capacity 指天赋的,如生长、发展或成功的潜力:

  “Not by age but by capacity is wisdom acquired” (Plautus)。

  “智慧的获得是依靠才能而不是年龄” (普洛提斯)。

  Faculty denotes an inherent power or ability:

  Faculty 指内在的力量或能力:

  An unerring faculty for detecting hypocrisy is one of her most useful attributes.

  能无误地看出伪善的能力是她身上最有用的特征之一。

  Talent emphasizes inborn ability,especially in the arts:

  Talent 强调天生的才能,尤其是在艺术方面:

  “There is no substitute for talent. Industry and all the virtues are of no avail”

  (Aldous Huxley)。

  “勤奋及其他的品质都不能弥补天分的不足” (阿尔多斯。赫胥黎)。

  Skill stresses ability that is acquired or developed through experience:

  Skill 强调由经验而获得或发展的能力:

  “The intellect,character and skill possessed by any man are the product of certain original tendencies and the training which they have received”

  (Edward L. Thorndike)。

  “任何人的知识、性格和能力都是由起初的兴趣加上后来接受的训练而得到的。”(爱德华L.桑戴克)。

  Competence suggests the ability to do something satisfactorily but not necessarily outstandingly well:

  Competence 指能做到使人满意但并不一定特别出众的能力:

  The concerto was performed by a violinist of unquestioned competence but limited imagination.

  小提琴家所演奏的协奏曲毫无疑问是出色的,但是缺乏想像力。

  Aptitude implies inherent capacity for learning,understanding,or performing:

  Aptitude 暗指内在的学习、理解和表演的才能:

  Even as a child he showed an unusual aptitude for mathematics.

  甚至孩童时他就显露出非同一般的数学才能

  形容词 complete 和 perfect 虽然都有“完全的”含义,但并非同义词,在许多情况下它们只是词义相近而已。

  complete 的含义是“完整无缺的”、“圆满的”

  He is a complete stranger to me.

  我一点也不认识他。(可以和 perfect 换用)

  Before long,the noise dropped completely

  不久,那轰鸣声就完全消失了。

  perfect 不仅可表示“完整无缺”、“完全”或“纯粹”,而且含有“完美无缺”、“匀称”或“健全”的含义,总之它可以表示“尽善尽美”。由上可见,perfect 可以表示 complete 的含义,而 complete 只能表示 perfect 的一部分含义。 但是,a complete stranger 和 a perfect stranger 没有什么差异,complete happiness 和 perfect happiness 都表示了“美满的幸福”。

  But as they soon discovered,disguises can sometimes be too per fect.

  正象他们不久就发现的那样,化装效果有时可能太完美无缺了。

  It is a perfect alibi.

  这完全是在开脱罪责。

  It's a perfect stranger here.

  我在这里完全是个陌生人。(可以换用 complete)

  注:perfect 的同义词有 whole,entire; complete 的同义词有 full,plenary.

  complete,close,end,finish,conclude,terminate

  These verbs mean to bring or to come to a natural or proper stopping point.

  这些动词都是指达到一个自然或适当的终点。

  Complete suggests the final stage in bringing an undertaking to fruition:

  Complete 暗指取得成功的最后一步:

  “Nothing worth doing is completed in our lifetime” (Reinhold Niebuhr)。

  “我们这辈子连一件有意义的事也没完成” (莱因霍尔德。尼泊赫)。

  Close applies to the ending of something ongoing or continuing:

  Close 指正在进行的事件接近终点:

  The orchestra closed the concert with an encore.

  交响乐团在再来一次的欢呼声中结束了音乐会。

  If there is a further falloff in ticket sales,the play will close.

  如果门票销售进一步下跌,这个剧目就会停演。

  End emphasizes finality:

  End 强调结果:

  We ended the meal with fruit and cheese.

  我们最后吃的是水果和奶酪。

  “Where laws end,tyranny begins” (William Pitt)。

  “哪里没有法制,暴政就从哪里开始” (威廉姆。皮特)。

  Finish is sometimes interchangeable with complete:

  Finish 有时可与complete互换:

  close 比较普通,有时可以和shut互换使用,但它更强调“不让某人或某物进入或通过”的意思,有时有“不接纳”的意思,但通常表示“关闭”这一动作

  It's Sunday,so all the shops are closed.

  今天是星期天,所以这些店铺都关门了。

  I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again.

  我肯定没有办法再把箱子关上了。

  shut 与 close 的含义差别在于,shut仅表示“关闭”之状态,不包含“不让进入”或“不接纳”的意思

  As soon as he opens the gate from the outside,he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts.

  它一旦从外面把门打开,便走进园子里等着关门。

  在某些习语中,只有 shut 而不用close.

  Shut up!

  住口!

  He found every road to the accomplishment of his desire shut against him.

  他发现通向实现自己愿望的所有道路都被堵死了。

  He shut his eyes to the severs reality.

  对于这严峻的现实,他是闭着眼睛不肯看的。

  accompany attend escort convoy

  意思都含“与人结伴同行”或“伴随某物”。

  accompany 指“与人结伴,做伴”,常含有彼此之间关系平等之意,如:

  He -nied her to the theater.

  他陪她去剧院。

  attend 意为“随侍”、“随从” 等解,如:

  Some students attended Prof. Jones on a field trip.

  一些学生随琼斯教授去野外郊游。

  escort 和 convoy 意为“以警卫等身份陪伴”,如:

  This merchant ship was convoyed by a destroyer.

  这艘商船由一驱逐舰护航。

  escort 还指礼节上的“尊重或献殷勤”,如:

  He escorted a lady to a party.

  他陪一位女士赴宴。

  accurate correct exact

  均含“正确的”意思。

  accurate 表示“准确的”,精确的“,指”通过努力,使事情达到正确“,如:

  She gave an accurate account of the accident.

  她对事故做了准确的描述。

  correct 为一般用语,指“正确的”,如:

  He gave correct answers to the questions.

  他对这些问题提出了正确的答案。

  exact 表示“确切的”,“精确无误的”,指“与事实完全相符”,如:

  His answer is quite exact.

  他的回答完全正确。

  enough,sufficient,adequate这三个词都表示“足够的”或“充分的”。其中只有enough可以用作副词或名词,含义仍为“足够的”。

  enough和sufficient在含义上几乎没有差异,只是enough的用法较多,这两个词都表示“完全满足需要,而且既不多余,也不缺少”。

  adequate虽然也表示“足够的”、“充分的”,但是和另二词之间有着比较明显的细微差异,因为这个词的内涵是:对于必不可少的东西在数量上应当是合理的、公平的或不苛刻的。+

  Five men will be quite enough (or sufficient)。这句话说的是:5个人就十分充足了,再多给一个人就没有必要了

  His wages are adequate to support three people. 这句话说的是:他的工资够养活3个人的。即这些钱养活3个人够得上一般生活水平,并不苛刻。可见其差异非常细微。词义差别越细微,表意越准确。

  例如:“我为他干了3小时的活,他付给我20英镑。我觉得那20英镑的工钱是足够了的”。这两句话在英译时,其中的“足够的”必须用adequate,因为这里说的“足够”包含了“公平、合理”的意思。故这两句可译为:I worked for him three hours,and he paid me 20 pounds. I think the 20 pounds are adequate for my work. 此外,应注意下面例句中enough的各种用法。

  I like to be a professional singer,but I don't think I have a good enough voice.

  我想当个职业歌唱家,但是我觉得我的嗓子不够好。

  A day may begin well enough,but suddenly everything seems to get out of control.

  一天的开端可能好得很,但突然一切似乎都失去了控制。

  The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards,as well as in line of its course are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficent sustenance and progress.

  沿着船壁向上引导的以及与航行方向一致的气流足以给这种长有特大翅膀的大鸟以充分的支撑力和前进力。

  Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another,but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.

  我们的牧师老是为这事或那事筹募款项,但是从来也没能募集到足够把教堂大钟修复起来的钱。

  The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function,and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer,who must buy,not the thing he desires but the thingthe English Gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development.

  向社会提出的问题,与其说是这号人的德行问题,毋宁说是他们是否能胜任其职责的问题,于是便出现了严重的困难。他们不肯充分考虑顾客的需要,顾客不得不买的不是自己想要买的东西,而是英国绅士所要卖的。他们对技术的发展并不给予充分的注意。

  The majority of the patients attending the medical outpatients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine,abox of pills,or a small jar of ointment,…

  在医院门诊部就医的大多数病人认为,如果他们不能带一些实实在在的药物,如一瓶药水、一盒药丸、一小瓶药膏回家的话,他们就没得到充分的治疗……

  enough sufficient adequate

  意思都含“充分的”、“足够的”。

  enough 系常用词,常可与 sufficient 互换,它除表示“足以满足需要的”外,还含有“数量很多使人感到心满意足的”的意思,如:

  We have enough money to spend.

  我们有足够的钱花。

  sufficient 用于正式文体中,指“分量或数量足以满足需要的”,如:

  The food is sufficient for a week.

  食物足够一周用。

  adequate 指“足够符合特定(有时可指最低)的资格、分量、才能等”着重“符合一个客观要求或标准的”,如:

  To be healthy one must have an adequate diet.

  一个人想要健康,必须有足够的规定饮食。

  advance promote progress proceed

  都含有“前进”的意思。

  advance 指“向某一目标或方向前进的运动或效果,并常强调前进的终点”,如:

  Our soldiers advanced bravely against the enemy.

  我们的士兵勇敢地向敌人挺进。

  promote 作“提升”解时可与advance 通用; 它强调“促使某种事业向前发展以达到预期的结果,并侧重于对该人或事物(尤指公开性质)的赞助和鼓励”,如:

  John was promoted [advanced] from a clerk to a manager.

  约翰由职员晋升为经理。

  A sound forest economy promotes the prosperity of agriculture and rural life.

  完善的森林经济可以促进农业和农村生活的兴旺与繁荣。

  progress 则指“稳定、经常的进步”,这种进步可能有间隔,常用于抽象事物,如:

  Our research work is progressing steadily.

  我们的研究工作正在稳步地取得进展。

  proceed 多指“继续前进”,如:

  This being done,let's proceed to the next.

  这项工作已做完了,让我们干下一个

  business commerce trade profession occupation

  的含义都与“职业”、“生意”有关business 是常用语,含义很广,通常指“生意”、“行业”,表示“为图利(常指为个人谋利)而做的工作”,如:

  do business with many countries

  与许多国家做生意。

  commerce 多指“商品交易”,特指“国与国之间的商业往来”,如:

  international commerce

  国际贸易 trade指“买卖或货物交换”,常用于“国内外之间的交易”,也指“行业”,特别是“手工业”,如:War affects trade.

  战争影响贸易。

  profession 指“需受过特殊教育和训练的脑力劳动者的职业”,如:

  He is a doctor by profession.

  他的职业是医生。

  occupation 指训练有素的“某人经常从事的工作或做工作,但它不强调某人此时此地是否仍作此工作或者领工资与否,如:

  He has no fixed occupation.

  他没有固定职业。

  occurrence event incident

  都含“事件”的意思。

  occurrence系常用词,指“任何发生的事件”,如:

  an unforeseenoccurrence

  预料不到的事。

  event 指“有重要意义的历史事件”、“重大事件”,如:

  Graduation from university is an event in life.

  大学毕业是人生中的大事。

  incident指“事件”,尤指“比较不重要的小事件”,如:

  an ordinary incident

  普通小事。

  matter,affair,thing,concern,business这组名词都有“事情”的意思。

  matter 所表示的“事情”在含意上比较模糊,通常指客观存在的或有待处理的问题

  Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.

  荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。

  affair 以单数形式出现时,通常指一般的“事情”,而以复数形式出现时,通常指重大的“事情”。不管单、复数这个词所表示的“事情”都包含着“在进行中”、“处在过程中”或“交易、交往”的意思。

  Having found out that his wife had an affair with another man,the poor man wanted to kill himself.

  那个可怜的男人由于发现他的妻子与另一个男子有私情而想自杀。

  Convenience is,however,in all affairs of life,an execrable test of value.

  然而,在生活的一切事务中投合是可恶的实用准则。

  thing 在含义上比 matter 还要模糊,有时为了含糊其词而有意用 thing.如:I hope things'll be better in the future.

  The most frightening thing of all was that not a sound could be heard.

  最为吓人的事情是一点声音也听不到。

  business 所表示的“事情”或“事务”多与“职务”有关,有时这个词指强加的“任务”。口语中的“None of your business!”(这不是你的事!)以及“Mind your own business!”(多管闲事!),很能说明 business 的这种含义

  Be that as it may,the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.

  尽管如此,神经毒液毒杀人类比血毒液快得多。

  如果想表示个人的或者与个人有直接关系的“事情”,用 concern,这与concern 在用作动词所表示的“关心”有联系

  It's no concern of mine.

  这不关我的事。

  affect,influence,touch,impress,sway,move动词的一般含义为使人或能作出反应的物产生或受到影响。

  affect 的宾语是物时,它包含着足以引起反应的刺激,有时包含一定的改变。

  The slight change of weather can affect her delicate health

  天气稍有变化就会影响她那脆弱而娇嫩的身体。

  当affect的宾语是人时,它表示引起心智上或感情上的影响,即感动

  He was in no way affected by their misery.

  他们的惨状一点也没打动他的心。

  We are lucky in that only the lower fields,which make up a very small proportion of our farm,are affected by flooding,…

  我们的运气好,因为只有占我们农场极少部分的较低的田地受到洪水的影响。

  influence 所表示的影响包含着“力量”,比如“他是个有影响的人物”。有时它包含着“诱使”的意思。

  They,having first persuaded themselves,contrive to influence their neighbours.

  他们首先自己信服了之后,便设法诱使邻居

  No one can avoid being influenced by advertisments.

  谁也不能避免受到广告的影响。

  In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been neglected.

  在工业生活的组织中,工厂对工人的生理和心理状态上的影响完全被忽视了。

  touch 所表示的“感动”有些象汉语的“感触”,它总含有密切接触的意思。此外,touch在表示使人或物受到影响或感动时,总有如下的内涵:激发、搅起、伤害等等。

  I do not wish to do anything which may touch your credit

  我不想做任何会影响你的荣誉的事情。

  Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility. …

  如果父母意识到孩子通常多么相信父母的品格和父母的绝对正确,他们会大大震惊和深深被感动的……

  impress 通常用于表示深受“感动”,而且把所看到的东西,铭记在心。

  but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds.……

  但是我掩盖不了这一事实,那些钻石之大给我留下了深刻的印象。

   sway 的原义同上

  pretend feign assume affect

  都含“假装”的意思。

  pretend 指“感觉到某事,而在言行上装出是真的”,如:

  pretend not to hear

  假装没听见。

  feign 指“精心装有或装作”,如:

  feign deafness

  装聋。

  assume 指“装出有某种感情的样子,以掩饰其真正的感情”,如:

  She assumed a look of sorrow.

  她假装着悲伤的样子。

  affect 指“为达到某种效果而假装有某种特征或情感”,如:

  affect a British accent

  装英国腔affect effect influence

  作为动词,都含“影响”的意思。

  affect 指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”,着重“影响”的动作,有时含有“对……产生不利影响”的意思,如:

  This article will affect my thinking.

  这篇文章将会影响我的思想。

  effect 指“实现”、“达成”,着重“造成”一种特殊的效果,如:

  This book effected a change in my opinion.

  这本书使我的看法起了变化。

  influence 指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的,潜移默化的影响”,如:

  Influenced by a high-school biology teacher,he took up the study of medicine.

  在一位中学生物教师的影响下,他从事医学研究。

  give grant present confer

  都含“给”的意思。

  give 系常用词,指“给予”、“授予”、“赠送”、“提供”等,如:

  I gave him a book.

  我给他一本书。

  另外它还有引伸意义,如:

  A clock gives time.

  钟报时。

  grant 指“上级对下级的赐予或答应给什么”,如:

  grant a pension

  赐予养老金。

  present 指“正式地给”,即“赠给”,并且所赠之物有一定价值,如:

  He presented the school with a library.

  他向学校赠建了一个图书馆。

  confer指“经批准授予(学位、称号等)”,如:

  confer knighthood

  授于爵士。

  yield submit

  都含有“让步”、“屈服”的意思。

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