中学生语文学习环境研究综述

有些学生在考试时一见到作文题，便感到很对自己的胃口，觉得有很多内容要写。于是乎千言万语涌上心头，写着前一句想着后一句。往往前句尚未写完便接上了后一句，辛辛苦苦写了一大堆，犹觉余意未尽。结果令考官头疼不己，无法继续往下看。原因就在于这种没有构思、未理提纲的作文章法太乱，语言质量差。无论是四、六级考试还是研究生入学考试，我国的作文试题都是规定式作文(controlled writing)，这跟国外考试不一样。因此，写作时必须按给出的提纲或提示去写，任何过于放任自由的做法都是不可取的，更不要另有所图，滔滔不绝。这是进入实际操作前的一个基本认识问题，稍不留神就会出问题。

When some students see the composition questions in the exam, they feel that they have a lot to write. So thousands of words came into my mind, writing the first sentence thinking of the second sentence. Often before the first sentence is finished, the next sentence is followed. I have written a lot of hard work, but I still feel that I have more than enough meaning. As a result, the examiner had a headache and could not continue to look down. The reason is that this kind of composition without conception and outline is too disordered and the language quality is poor. Whether it is the CET-4 or CET-6 or the entrance examination for graduate students, the composition test questions in China are all controlled writing, which is different from that in foreign countries. Therefore, when writing, we must write according to the outline or tips given. It is not advisable to indulge in any way, let alone talk about it. This is a basic understanding problem before entering into the actual operation. If you don't pay attention to it, there will be problems.

滔滔不绝“意识流”

Endless stream of consciousness

控制这种“意识流”的写法，必须严格按照三点提纲来写。假如第一段要求描述某个现象，务必不要先进行的原因分析，否则到了第二段该分析原因的时候就没东西可写了。明智的做法是投其所好，该如何就如何，这一原则适用于所有的考试。另外，有的考生一方面有话则多，一发而不可收，控制不了自己;一方面无话则隐，该说的话没的有说出来。我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落:一篇200词左右的作文一般不会超过15句话，把这15句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大模只说那么几句话，绝不多说。事实上往往是说得越多，错误越多。因此，跟着提纲走，每一段不要写得太多，点到为止，见好就收，这才是最稳妥的对策。

In order to control this kind of writing, we must strictly follow three outlines. If the first paragraph requires a description of a phenomenon, be sure not to conduct a cause analysis first, or there will be nothing to write when the second paragraph needs to analyze the cause. It's wise to give what you want and how you do it. This principle applies to all examinations. In addition, on the one hand, some examinees have many words, and can't control themselves when they send them out. On the other hand, if they don't have words, they can't say what they should say. We may as well quantify the requirements of composition to each paragraph: a composition of about 200 words generally does not exceed 15 sentences, which are allocated to each paragraph according to the requirements of the topic. Each paragraph only says a few words, not more. In fact, the more you say, the more mistakes you make. Therefore, follow the outline, don't write too much in each paragraph, click till the end, and close when you see the good, which is the safest countermeasure.

无话可说真难受

It's hard to say nothing

无话可说是滔滔不绝的对立面。有的考生题目看得懂，提纲也一目了然，就是不知道该说什么，在考场上头脑一片空白，想到的也只是空泛的东西。这是一种常见的现象。在这种情况下，即使是用中文也难以写好，更何况要用英文去表达。针对这一情况，办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实、的具体的例证以及具体的现象。联想起具体细小的事情，再形成观点。把看得见摸得着的事物带来的思考变成作文里的实质内容，这不失为一种很好的策略。

Nothing to say is the opposite of endless talk. Some examinees can understand the questions and outline at a glance. They just don't know what to say. Their minds are blank in the examination room, and what they think is just empty. This is a common phenomenon. In this case, it is difficult to write well even in Chinese, let alone in English. In view of this situation, the way is to be good at associating with some specific facts, specific examples and specific phenomena. Think of specific small things, and then form a point of view. It is a good strategy to turn the thinking brought by the visible things into the substance of the composition.

平时多练勤思考

Practice and think frequently at ordinary times

在写作时头脑出现空白，应该由具体细小的、的琐碎的、的微不足道的事物所引发的思考形成观点，再进行论述。这种定式思维的形成需要平时多下功夫多练习。从无话可说到有话可说，有个例子让人不无启发。在种种场合下，经常要欢迎领导讲几句话。领导往往首先开口说:同志们大家好，我利用这个机会讲三句话。讲第一句话时，脑的子里不知道第二句话是什么，讲第二句话时，根本就没想第三句话要说什么。但他最终说了三句话，以“谢谢大家”的结束讲话。领导讲话“1、2、3”成了一种定式，他总能找到有关内容讲几点，这种功夫是长期磨练的结果。

When writing, there is a blank in the mind, which should be formed by the thinking caused by the specific small, trivial and insignificant things, and then discussed. The formation of this kind of stereotyped thinking needs more efforts and practice at ordinary times. From speechless to speechless, there is an example that is enlightening. On various occasions, leaders are often welcome to say a few words. Leaders often begin by saying, "Hello, comrades, I take this opportunity to say three words.". When you say the first sentence, you don't know what the second sentence is. When you say the second sentence, you don't even think about what the third sentence is going to say. But he finally said three words, ending with "thank you all.". The leader's speech "1, 2, 3" has become a stereotype, and he can always find the relevant content to talk about several points, which is the result of long-term practice.

真情流露没必要

no emotion

考试时，监考老师通常发现有的考生坐在那里根本就是在玩深沉，他在那里思考人生的伟大哲理;他在那里要想出一个观点，想出一个理由，想出一个措施，非要显得与众不同。陷入这种境地的考生，显然犯了一个根本性的错误。参考时间为40分钟的作文，一般应该在35分钟之内完成，再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。可有的考生十几分钟一句话都写不了，就是因为他太进入角色了，他想向判卷的老师掏心掏肺。这是一个很大的误区。

During the examination, the invigilator usually finds that some examinees are just playing deep, where he thinks about the great philosophy of life; where he wants to come up with a point of view, a reason, and a measure, which must be different. The examinee in this situation has obviously made a fundamental mistake. Reference time for 40 minutes of composition, generally should be completed in 35 minutes, and then a few minutes to check language errors. But some examinees can't write a sentence for more than ten minutes, because he is too involved in the role, he wants to dig out his heart and lungs from the teacher who judges the paper. This is a big mistake.

表达顺畅最关键

to express

考作文的目的纯粹是通过这一命题形式，考查考生的英语水平如何。命题人关注的是书面表达能力是否顺畅，而不是看一个人有没有内容，思想有没有深度。千万不要去猜测判卷的老师喜欢什么观点。只有当作文明显跑题时，内容才体现出其重要性。不管原因也好，措施也好，某一考生想到的任何一点，很可能命题人早已料到，而且肯定会被成千上万的考生重复无数遍。因而曾经令自己激动一时的想法，在判卷的老师看来全无感觉。规定式作文的拓展空间本来就非常有限，所以只要把作文按命题要求表达顺畅是关键。

The purpose of composition test is to test the examinee's English level through this proposition. The propositioner focuses on the smoothness of written expression, not on the content and depth of a person's thoughts. Don't guess what the judge likes. Only when the composition is obviously off topic can the content show its importance. No matter the reason or the measure, any point that some examinee thinks of is likely to be expected by the person who made the proposition, and will surely be repeated countless times by thousands of examinees. Therefore, the thought that once made me excited for a while was totally senseless in the eyes of the teacher who judged the paper. The development space of prescriptive composition is very limited, so it is the key to express composition smoothly according to proposition requirements.

英语表达憋得慌

English expression in a hurry

很多学生在作文时最大障碍就是用英语表达意思很困难。对于这一点，首先要树立信心。实际上，大部分考生都受过正规的大学英语教育，即使是一些自学的考生，其英语水平也足以写好一篇考研作文。关键在于要把这种潜力挖掘出来。《朗文词典》(Longman的Dictionary)的最大特点，就是用2000个核心词来解释几十万个词条，而且词条大都有几个义l项。由此可见，并不一定要用多么复杂l的英语来表达，也不一定非得添加一些高难度的单词以加深判卷老师的印象。事实上，简单的语言也能表达复杂的事物。著名的美国作家海明威的作品以其明白晓畅的语言吸引了千千万万的读者，就是一个明证。

The biggest obstacle for many students in composition is that it is difficult to express their meaning in English. To this point, we must first build up confidence. In fact, most of the candidates have received formal college English education, even some self-taught candidates, their English level is enough to write a composition for postgraduate entrance examination. The key is to tap this potential. The biggest feature of Longman dictionary is that it uses 2000 core words to explain hundreds of thousands of entries, and most entries have several semantic items. It can be seen that it is not necessary to express in complicated English, nor to add some difficult words to deepen the impression of the teacher. In fact, simple language can also express complex things. The famous American writer Hemingway's works have attracted thousands of readers with his clear and clear language, which is a clear proof.

英语思维不现实

English thinking is unrealistic

用英语思维来写作文是不现实的。如果能用英语思维，也就谈不上会遇到多大的困难了。在实际写作过程当中，脑子里想的是中文句子，然后把一个一个的中文句子译成英文。在翻译的时候努力寻求一一对应的关系，希望找到与中文词对应的英文单词。结果句子结构和单词的选用受到中文的影响，自己感觉上也是“憋”得费劲，或者觉得表达出来了，意思差不多，而实际上给人的感觉依然还是中文。若是让老外来看这篇作文的话，也许根本就弄不清楚文章的内容，而判卷的中国老师在判卷时往往能想象出文章是怎样写出来的。在这种情况下，出路在于把中文译成英文时，不要去追求一一对应的关系，而应该“得其意，忘其形”。

It is unrealistic to write a composition in English. If you can think in English, you won't have much difficulty. In the actual writing process, what I think is Chinese sentences, and then translate one Chinese sentence into English. Try to find one-to-one correspondence when translating, and hope to find English words corresponding to Chinese words. Results the choice of sentence structure and words was influenced by Chinese, and I felt that I had to work hard to "hold back", or I felt that I had expressed the same meaning, but actually I still felt Chinese. If foreigners are allowed to read this composition, they may not know the content of the article at all, and the Chinese teachers who judge the paper can often imagine how the article was written. In this case, the way out is not to pursue one-to-one correspondence when translating Chinese into English, but to "get the meaning and forget the form".

语言表达简单化

Simplification of language expression

在写作时用简单的语言把复杂的意思表达出来也可谓之伟大。对于一个一时找不着词的概念，应该用一种迂回曲折的方式把意思表达清楚。或用一个短语，或用一个从句，或三言两语，如果没出什么语言错误的话，这也算是一种伟大!

It is also great to express complicated meanings in simple language. For a concept that cannot be found for a while, we should express the meaning clearly in a circuitous way. Either with a phrase, or with a clause, or two words, if there is no language error, it is also a great!

处于被动危害大

In a passive way

很多人在写作过程中从头至尾都处于被动状态，当有内容想要表达清楚的时候，却又发现种种途径都不可能表达好，只好硬着头皮把自己意识到没把握的东西勉强写上去。毫无疑问，这种连自己都意识到可能是错误的东西，只会产生于己不利的负面作用。所以，当有的内容感觉一点找不着、的英语实在表达不清楚的时候，就应该彻底地放弃。开动脑筋多想几点内容、的理由和措施，假设想到四条理由，但因为语言表达的问题，其中一条理由说不清楚，那么就应当机立断地把它放弃，写上另外三点理由就可以了(或许两点就够了)。由此可见，积极主动的态度会使自己在考试中有更大的灵活性。

Many people are in a passive state from the beginning to the end in the process of writing. When they want to express clearly, they find that all kinds of ways are impossible to express well, so they have to force themselves to write what they realize they are not sure about. There is no doubt that this kind of thing that even you realize may be wrong will only result from your own negative effects. Therefore, when some content feels that it can not be found at all, and the English expression is not clear, it should be completely abandoned. Use your brain to think more about the content, reasons and measures. Suppose you think of four reasons. But because one of the reasons is not clear, you should give it up at will and write down another three reasons (maybe two are enough). It can be seen that a positive attitude will make you more flexible in the exam.