托福听力之两种常见练习安排弊端分析

托福听力如何听写做笔记?这些技巧不妨了解一下。今天小编给大家带来托福听力如何听写做笔记，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福听力如何听写做笔记?这些技巧不妨了解一下

托福听力听写训练复述是关键

听写是提高托福听力的重要途径之一。而听写过程又分为三大部分，听写、跟读、复述。听写跟读能够最大限度的帮助考生，解决掉词汇和语句范围的麻烦。那么在理解了文章的意思后，我们不仅要听懂，更要总结出来，这也就是复述了。

复述的操作非常简单明了：首先不再听托福听力原文，而是根据之前的笔记，将文章复述出来，首先是英文，而后是中文。复述要从简单的、熟悉的材料入手，循序渐进。经过复述之后，考生能够用自己的话把文章大意，重要支撑观点总结出来，并且不遗漏重点细节，那么这样的复述就是成功的。

复述从学会做听力笔记开始

这里出现了一个之前较少谈及的概念：笔记。

笔记对于水平较为一般的考生来说，可操作性小，时常会影响到正常听音，顾此失彼，而且记下的往往对考试帮助不大。所以对于能力一般的考生，我们不强求笔记，还是要先在听写和跟读两步中将自身实力提高。

对于能力较好的考生，建议下功夫锻炼笔记能力。笔记也是帮助我们，一定程度上也是检验我们对于文章整体，重要细节把握程度的考察。

托福听力训练做笔记要求详解

因此，对于托福听力技巧来说，记笔记的要求就是：简洁;关系明确。

简洁方面，要求考生尽量不要大篇幅写词汇，一些连接性的词汇，表达重要程度的词汇，否定肯定的词汇，最好是通过符号代替，因为这次词汇的重复率高，形式固定，所以通过符号不仅节省时间也便于理解。至于专业词汇，专有词汇，最好通过大写某一部分，只要清楚指代就可以。

关系明确的要求在于，每个文章都有自己的结构，重要细节等等，笔记要较为清晰的表现出来这些关系，而且这些关系一般都是题点。这里就涉及到听力的一些解题原则，比如：so代表总结原则，but代表转折，also或者plus等代表并列等，这些词汇都很清晰的表明上下文的关系，也是托福听力常考的地方，笔记自然要特别注意这些地方。

练习做笔记先用熟悉文章打基础

同时，托福听力练习中笔记要从熟悉的文章开始。经过听写和跟读的文章是最适合最初练习笔记的材料，因为对内容熟悉，逻辑关系比较明确，通过练习这些材料，能够使学生快速建立对笔记的认识和自身个性化笔记符号体系的形成。毕竟托福词汇和文章结构的重合度还是比较高的，类似文章的笔记能够做好，那么就证明考生的整理归纳能力完全没有问题。

但是有的同学还是会发现，熟悉的文章做笔记完全没有问题，但是碰到新文章，依然记得毫无章法。这就说明学生在辨音辨义或者篇章理解上还有欠缺，笔记先不要强求，最好先通过听写和复述来提高自身能力。

2020托福听力练习：猫比猎人更狡猾

Psychologist Saho Takagi, a graduate student at Kyoto University in Japan, strolls into one of Japan's many cat cafes. These establishments allow customers to pay an hourly fee for the chance to cuddle some cats. They're popular in Japan because so many apartment buildings forbid pet ownership. But Takagi isn't a typical customer. She's not there for feline affection, but to probe their minds.

The psychology of domestic cats is still something of a mystery, despite our overwhelming familiarity with the critters. They have many skills, she tells me through an interpreter, that are not well known even to their owners.

Takagi and her colleagues wanted to see whether domestic cats have an intuitive understanding of cause-and-effect, but to make it a fair test, they decided to let the cats use their ears instead of only their eyes. Cats are ambush hunters, and rely on their sense of hearing to locate their prey.

The cats—30 of them, mostly from cat cafes, plus a few pets—were shown a series of demonstrations. For example, a researcher would shake a box, accompanied by the sound of an object bouncing around inside. Then the cat would be allowed to see inside the container.

If the cat expects to find a ball inside the box, it would stare longer if the box turned out to be empty, rather than if the ball was there as expected. Psychologists call this a "violation of expectation" response. If they expected a ball and were surprised not to find one—or vice versa—it suggests that cats have certain expectations about the physical realities of the world.

And the cats did stare longer at those containers that violated their expectations, as if to suggest that they realized that something in the situation was amiss. The findings were published in the journal Animal Cognition.

Takagi suspects that this ability might be related to cats'hunting skills. Despite years of domestication, we initially kept them around as a form of pest control, so it makes sense that cats would have retained their knack for hunting.

Next, Takagi wants to see just how much information domestic cats can extract about objects, like quantity or size, based on what they hear. Eventually, she hopes to do similar experiments with wild cats as well, to see whether her hunting hunch is right.

日本有多家猫咪主题咖啡馆，心理学家、日本京都大学研究生高木佐保走进其中一家咖啡馆。在这些场所，顾客按小时付费，便可拥抱猫咪。这些咖啡馆在日本非常流行，因为许多公寓楼禁止养宠物。但是高木并不是一个典型的顾客。她来到这里并不是为了获得猫咪的情感，而是来调查它们的想法。

虽然我们非常熟悉小动物，但家猫的心理仍是一个未解之谜。她通过一名翻译告诉我，猫咪们有许多连它们的主人都不太清楚的技能。

高木和她的同事想了解家猫是否对因果关系有直观的理解，为了进行公平的测试，他们决定让猫咪用听觉来测试，而非仅仅靠视力。猫咪属于伏击型猎人，可以依靠听觉来定位猎物。

30只猫咪中，多数猫来自猫咪主题咖啡馆，还有几只是宠物物，这些猫进行了一系列展示。举个例子，一名研究人员晃动一个盒子，里面的一个物体发出弹来弹去的声音。然后让猫查看盒子的内部。

如果猫咪期待在盒子里找到一个球，可是盒子却是空的，那相较于如它所料找到球的情况，它盯着盒子的时间要更长。心理学家将这种反应称之为“期望悖反”。如果它们期望会有一个球，但惊奇地发现并没有球——或反之——这表明猫对物理现实世界有一定的预期。

而且，如果结果与它们的期望相反，那猫咪确实会盯着盒子更长的时间，就好像在说它们意识到了一些不正常的情况。这项研究结果发表在《动物认知》杂志上。

高木认为这种能力可能与猫的捕猎技能有关。尽管经过了多年的驯化，但是我们最初将猫咪养在身边是作为“害虫防治”的一种形式，因此猫会保留捕猎本领这个观点是有道理的。

接下来，高木想弄明白根据它们所听到的，家猫可以提取多少与物体有关的信息，这些信息包括数量或体积。最后，她希望对野生猫科动物进行类似的实验，以观察她的狩猎预感是否正确。

重点讲解：

1. instead of 代替…;而不是…;

例句：The promotion of Russell instead of Sarah really made the sparks fly.

因为提升了拉塞尔没提升萨拉，这件事竟惹起了轩然大波。

2. rely on 依赖;依靠;

例句：Don't rely on him to do anything he's just a talker.

什么事都不要依靠他--他光会说空话。

3. turn out 原来是;结果发现;

例句：Even the best theory can turn out to be wrong.

即使最好的理论都可被证明是错误的。

4. vice versa 反之亦然;反过来也一样;

例句：Energy transmutes into matter and vice versa.

能量变成物质，反之亦然。

5. stare at 凝视;盯着看;

例句：He stared at me with sharp eyes.

他用锐利的目光盯着我。

6. as if 好像;仿佛;

例句：It seems as if he knows everything.

他似乎是个万事通。

7. make sense (行为方式)有道理，合乎情理

2020托福听力练习：人工养殖鳟鱼以满足食用需求

Half of all fish people eat worldwide now come from fish farms. So farms need to do more to keep up with demand.

"If we look to the future, at today's per capita fish intake around the world we would need to double aquaculture production."

Ron Hardy is the University of Idaho's Director of Aquaculture Research. He presented his research at the recent International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding in Sun Valley, Idaho, which he also chaired.

In the wild, rainbow trout eat insects and other, smaller fish. But Hardy says there aren't enough little fish to feed larger fish in the wild and still meet market demand as the human population increases. So he's used selective breeding to create strains of farmed fish that get by on food that's less expensive than little fish—feed made from soybeans, corn and wheat.

Some of the farmed fish really thrive: 16 years ago, Hardy had to wait a year for a one-pound trout. These days, his efforts yield trout up to four times as large in the same amount of time.

"So, it would be kind of like if you were going to breed dogs. So we've got everything from Rottweilers to little Scotties or whatever."

But the farmed fish are not completely vegetarian.

"Soybeans don't have skeletons, they don't have bones and the bones in fish meal are a major source of minerals for the fish, for example."

And much like humans, fish diets require omega-3 fatty acids, not found in terrestrial plants. So Hardy has to add a little fish-oil back into the plant-based feed. For those of us without waders, this kind of aquaculture is our best shot at a fish fry.

现在全世界人们食用的鱼中，有一半来自养鱼场。所以，养鱼场要做更多来满足人们的需求。

“如果我们放眼未来，以目前世界人均鱼类摄入量来看，我们需要加倍水产养殖。”

罗恩·哈迪是爱达荷大学水产养殖研究所所长。他主持了近期在爱达荷州太阳谷举行的世界鱼类营养与饲料学术研讨会，并发表了他的研究成果。

在野生环境中，虹鳟鱼以昆虫和其它小型鱼类为食。但是哈迪表示，由于人类人口不断增长，野生环境中没有足够的小型鱼类既供大型鱼类食用，又满足市场需求。所以，他采用选择育种的方法培育出几种养殖鱼品种，这些品种依靠花费少于小型鱼类的食物生存，比如大豆、玉米和小麦等。

一些养殖鱼茁壮成长：16年以前，哈迪想得到一只一磅重的鳟鱼，必须要等一年的时间。而现在，他的努力使鳟鱼的产量在同样的时间内翻了四倍。

“所以，这就像培育狗一样。我们可以得到罗德维拉犬，也可以得到小型Scotties犬。”

但是养殖鱼并不是完全的素食鱼。

“大豆中不含骨骼，不含骨头，而骨头是鱼类饮食中矿物质的主要来源。”

与人类很像，鱼饲料也需要欧米伽-3脂肪酸，但它并不存在于陆生植物中。所以哈迪必须要在植物性饲料中加一些鱼油。对于我们这种没有钓鱼用连靴裤的人来说，这种水产养殖是我们能享用到炸鱼的最佳选择。

重点讲解：

1. keep up with 跟上(变化等);跟上(活儿、人等);

例句：Penny tended to work through her lunch hour in an effort to keep up with her work.

为了把活儿干完，彭妮常常午饭时间也要工作。

2. look to 展望，思考(将来发生的事);

例句：Looking to the future, though, we asked him what the prospects are for a vaccine to prevent infection in the first place.

不过，展望未来，我们问到他研制出防止感染的疫苗究竟有多大的可能性。

3. get by 勉强过活;勉强应付;

例句：He gets by on very little money.

他靠著很少的钱过日子。