托福听力这些常见惯用语你认识吗

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托福听力历史类话题如何把握?这些重点关键不要忘，今天小编给大家带来托福听力历史类话题如何把握，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福听力历史类话题如何把握?这些重点关键不要忘

历史类话题关键要素一：主题关键词

主题关键词总是会出现和发展、起源或者历史相关的词汇(e.g develpoment, change, origin, historical)，举例来说：

Professor: And what instrument comes to mind when you think of rock ‘n' roll?

Student: The electric Guitar?

Professor: Exactly. I think it's fair to say that the sound of the electric guitar typifies the rock ‘n’ roll genre,which became popular in the 1950s. But really the instrument we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s. But long before that even,people were experimenting with ways to modify traditional acoustic guitars.

注意到文章开头做了两件事情：一. 提出话题“ Electrical Guitar”; 二. 提出了历史类文章要素, 教授说到电吉他是一个“the result of a continuing development” 而且人们很早之前就开始“ modify acoustic guitar”，自然而然我们就能推测文章是要讲电吉他是如何发展起来的。

历史类话题关键要素二：影响

所谓影响，其中包括话题的发展;发展过程中所受到的影响;其所产生的影响;具体的影响是什么，怎么影响的。来看下例：

The first guitars were wooden. This is the Spanish guitar and the strings were made from animal products. Then came steel strings. And that led to the lap guitar,which is also called the steel guitar because the player slides a steel rod up and down the neck. And those are all acoustic guitars. OK?

But then eventually we have electric guitars. Over the years,many inventors and musicians contributed to the design of these instruments. And each design was intended to alter the sound in some way,at first at least with the electric guitar,to make it louder.

很明显的，教授接下来就开始讲到吉他的发展过程，第一种吉他，wooden aka spanish guitar;接着steel guitar;lap guitar;然后有了electric guitar。而且重点说到“ 很多的发明者和音乐家对这种乐器的设计做出了贡献，而且每次的修改的目的就是为了改变电吉他的声音，也就是要素中提到的对话题的影响。

历史类话题关键要素三：时间

历史类话题的第三个关键要素是时间。当然，大家可能会注意到，下面例子提到的具体的时间点貌似只有两个1890s 和1920s。但是总的来讲，历史类的文章，时间顺序是一件非常关键的事情，因为在讲到某个事物的发展总是会从前往后说，提醒一点的是，时间本身不重要，只要搞明白谁前谁后即可。

So let's get back to when the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States. It was right after the Spanish-American war in the late 1890s. US sailors who were stationed in Hawaii—then a US territory—were very enamored with the music they heard there. Uh,Hawaiian music was based on the steel guitar I just described. Some sailors learned how to play the steel guitar and brought it home to the States. Before long,Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage in the mainland US. It actually had a strong influence on the development of several musical genres,rock ‘n' roll most notably,but also jazz and blues.

Anyway,by the 1920s,with the advent of the public dance movement,people were gathering in large groups to listen to steel guitar music. But they had trouble hearing it,especially in large public settings. As I mentioned,the instrument was played horizontally,on the lap. Since the strings faced upward,the sound was projected toward the ceiling rather than outward toward the audience. Something had to be done,because the music venues and the audience kept getting larger and larger.

历史类话题关键要素四：话题特点&要素五：任务

在时间要素之后出现的就是要素四：话题的特点以及时有时无的要素五：人物，一般这两点都是融合在一起的。

Electrified guitars already existed by the time Les Paul came into the picture around 1940. What Paul did was experiment with ways of removing the distortions and he succeeded. He designed a guitar with a solid body that relied solely on electronics. Paul's solid body eliminated the vibrations,and thus the distortions.

此处教授讲到Les Paul此人对于电吉他的修改，使得电吉他有了一个”solid body” ，减少了声音失真的状况。

尤其要注意，如果一篇文章出现了好几个人和一个事物的好几个特点的时候，一定要警觉起来，区分清楚哪个特点，属于哪个人物，这通常都是要出难题的前兆。

2020托福听力练习：已婚人士更易发福

Bridget Jones, in print and on screen, called them the “Smug Marrieds”—the happy couples that seemed to have it all.

But maybe the fictional Jones should have called them the “Plump Marrieds.”

Because along with offering couples unbridled bliss, marriage can cause them to pack on some extra pounds.

That's according to a study in The Journal of Family Issues.

Sociologist Jay Teachman, at Western Washington University, examined data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth.

The data included info about more than 3,000 African Americans over a 20-year period.

Teachman tracked body-mass-index, BMI, a measure of obesity, from adolescence to middle age.

And he analyzed the relationship between BMI, marital status and changes in marital status.

It turned out that living without a partner usually equated to being thinner and having a lower BMI compared with married people and couples living together.

The single folks included the never-marrieds and divorced.

Both men and women gained weight but when it came to race, black women had the most rapid weight gain, followed by white women and then black and white men.

The weight gain was just a few pounds—but even a slightly higher BMI is associated with weight-related health issues.

Several reasons exist for the weight discrepancy between the single and married people.

For example, married men and women may be less concerned about their body weight because they're no longer actively seeking a mate.

Plus, married people have a regular dining partner, possibly leading to more meals.

On the single side, those who are widowed or have gone through a divorce may lose weight due to stress.

So while this news may not be good for the smug marrieds, it may be welcomed by Bridget Jones.

The single, and very weight-conscious, Jones may actually have had the easier path to staying thin than her married friends.

无论是小说还是大荧幕，《BJ单身日记》中的琼斯夫妇可算得上“令人羡慕的一对”了—这对幸福小夫妻看起来拥有了一切。

但虚构出来的琼斯夫妇应该也能被称为“丰满的一对”。

因为婚姻除了带给这对新人无尽的幸福之外，也增加了两人的体重。

这是根据《家庭问题》期刊上登载的一项研究得出的结论。

西华盛顿大学的社会学家杰伊•特克曼对全国青年纵向研究的数据进行了详细检查。

这一数据涵盖20多年来超过3000名非裔美国人的数据信息。

特克曼对这些人从青春期到中年时的BMI，即身高体重指数进行了跟踪调查，这一指数可反映出人体的肥胖程度。

而且他还对BMI同婚姻状态及婚姻中产生变化之间的关系进行了分析。

而结果表明相比已婚人士及同居人士，单身者会更瘦，而且BMI指数更低。

而单身者则包含未婚者及离异人士。

无论种族，婚后的男女体重都会增加，其中增幅速度最高是黑人女性，接下来是白人女性，黑人男性及白人男性。

体重的增加只是几磅—但即使BMI指数略微增加也可能引发健康问题。

而单身及已婚人士存在体重差异存在下面几个原因。

比如，已婚男女可能不会过度关心自己的体重问题，因为彼此已经不用再积极寻找各自的另一半。

此外已婚人士在饮食方面有了规律性的伴侣，可能会导致其食量加大。

而单身，丧偶或离异者可能会由于面临压力而减轻体重。

因此这项研究对那些自鸣得意的已婚者可能不是利好消息，但《BJ单身日记》中的琼斯却接受这样的事实。

同已经步入婚姻殿堂的朋友相比，单身、注重保持身材的琼斯已经有了保持纤细身材的妙招。

1.along with 连同;以及

例句:I'll go along with you.

我将随同你一起去。

2.according to 根据

例句:Prices vary according to the quantity ordered.

价格随订购数量不同而有所变化。

3.associate with 与…交往，联系

例句:I associate with you through choice.

我是通过自主选择和你联系在一起。

4.turn out 关掉;结果是

例句:It's turned out nice again.

天气又突然转好了。

2020托福听力练习：新月和满月时更易发生大地震

Every two weeks, on the full and new moons, the sun, moon and Earth fall along a nearly straight line. The combination of gravitational forces in this arrangement creates large swings in the tides. But the celestial alignment affects more than the oceans—it also tugs on Earth's crust, adding to the stress on faults. This makes it more likely that major earthquakes will strike at these times, according to a new study.

The idea isn't new, but scientists have had a hard time testing the earthquake-tide relationship. For instance, three of the largest earthquakes in recent years happened when tidal stress was high. But those big ones are rare and the link seems to break down for smaller events.

So the researchers crunched a bunch of numbers: by looking at more than 10,000 medium and large earthquakes, they found that the proportion of large events increased when tidal stress was high.

The results do not imply that every full or new moon will bring an earthquake—obviously. What the findings mean is that high tidal stress during new or full moons may up the chances that an earthquake will grow bigger than it otherwise might have been.

"Even magnitude 9 earthquakes start like magnitudes 1 or 2." Satoshi Ide, the University of Tokyo seismologist who led the study. "So, at the initial stage, it's very difficult to distinguish small or large earthquakes. It starts similarly, but it grows at some probability to large scale. That probability is controlled by some other effect."

And one of those effects might be the tides. Ide points out that tides in the Earth's crust are known to cause tiny tremors along deep faults. "Earthquake faults are locked everywhere, but that kind of slow deformation unlocks very small part of the fault...so it doesn't make large failure there, but once earthquake rupture starts...it can propagate very far and become very large earthquake."

The study was published in the journal Nature Geoscience.

Ide is now doing a similar analysis on earthquakes that all happened in the same geologic setting, like subduction zones. Perhaps that research will confirm whether heavenly bodies can take smaller shakes and supersize them.

每两周，在出现满月和新月时，太阳、月亮和地球几乎就会排成一条直线。这种引力组合会产生巨大的潮汐波动。但是，这种天象影响的不仅仅是海洋，同时还会拖动地壳，增加地壳对断层的压力。一项新研究表明，这使大地震更可能在这种时期发生。

这种想法并不新鲜，但是科学家很难测试地震与潮汐之间的关系。比如，近几年最大的三起地震发生时，潮汐应力都很高。但是，大型地震发生次数较少，所以地震和潮汐之间的联系似乎被小型地震破坏了。

所以，研究人员分析了大量的数据：通过对1万多次大中型地震的观察，他们发现当潮汐应力增高时，大型地震发生的比例也会增加。

当然，这个结果并不能表明，每一次满月或新月都会引发地震。研究结果表明的是，在出现满月或新月时，潮汐应力会增高，这会使地震级别增强的可能性增加。

“即使是9级地震，开始时也只像1、2级地震。井出哲是东京大学的地震学家，也是本次研究的负责人。他还表示：“所以，一开始很难辨别是大型地震还是小型地震。因为开始时很类似，但是，之后就可能演变成大型地震。这种可能性会受到其他因素的影响。”

其中一个影响因素可能就是潮汐。井出哲指出，地壳上发生的潮汐能引起深断裂层的微小震动。“地震的断裂层是固定的，但是这种缓慢的变形解锁了一小部分的断裂，所以，不会带来巨大的影响，但是一旦地震发生，潮汐的微小震动可能会传播很远，从而演变成大型地震。”

该研究结果发表在《自然地球科学》期刊上。

井出哲现在正在对所有同一地质环境下发生的地震进行相似性分析，比如说消减带。也许那项研究可以确定天体是否可以引发小型地震并使其增强。

重点讲解：

1. for instance 例如;譬如;

例句：For instance, oranges, bananas and pineapples, are all fruits from the south.

例如橘子、香蕉、菠萝等，都是南方的水果。