托福听力历史类话题如何把握

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托福听力精选解题技巧讲解态度题如何快速判断?

结合语音语调进行判断

说到情感态度，最先要提的就是语音语调。听力中升调分为两种：直升调和转升调。直升调一般表示疑问;转升调一般表示担心，忧虑，疑惑，极度怀疑。句子以升调结尾，一般来讲，大多数情况下表达如下三种情感：1 确认信息 2质疑(惊讶)态度 3 期待得到更多话题相关信息。一般来讲，出现频率的高低是：信息确认最多;其次是期待得到更多话题相关信息;再次是质疑(惊讶)态度。

参考特定词汇进行判断

部分词语，如果配合适当的语调，会对文章结构和走向有指引作用。

Now、OK、So、Well这些词用在听力文章中的段首时，往往伴随着非常强烈明显的语调。这种情况在国外真实上课环境中也是经常能遇到的。教授在深入讲解一个话题之后，为了转换到下一话题，老师往往会用NOW这样的词去唤醒学生的注意(或者唤醒已经睡着的学生)。语调的变化往往意味着话题的转变，也意味着课程内容的变化。所以说，这类词出现的时候，往往是承上启下，开启新话题的标志。这类词之后的内容一定是至关重要，与考点直接相关的。

结合典型短语进行判断

此外听力文章中会有很多表示惊讶和诧异态度的短语，在听力中一般会针对这些表达出重听题。

比较典型的此类表达有：My god， Jesus。但是事实上，这类表达在真题中出现概率并不大，考的也很少，相比而言，类似于wow和Oops这样的更加隐蔽的情感表达更容易被设题，也更容易被学生所忽略。具体练习方式，可参看我的“五遍听力法”。

从反问疑问句读法进行判断

还有一个小细节，也可以反映出说话者明确态度，值得注意。这个细节就是反义疑问句的读法。

在我们接受的传统教育中，老师往往会让学生以疑问句的方式读出反义疑问句。换言之，反义疑问句是升调结束。但是事实上，很多时候，老外也会用降调方式去说反义疑问句。我在留学期间，经常听见教授上课时用反义疑问区表达特别肯定的情感。比如：“油跟水是不相容的，不是嘛?”如果这样一句英文用降调读出来，听来就特别像是：“油跟水是不相容的，没错吧?”托福作为语言能力测试，必然会如实反映老外说话的习惯。所以当听力原文中，反义疑问句用降调说出，老师特别期待学生给出肯定的回答。

2020托福听力练习：爬山熊帮助樱桃树种子迁徙

Picture a brave fireman carrying a pet from a burning building.

Now, imagine that global warming is the burning building, a cherry tree is the pet, and a bear is the fireman.

You've now got the gist of a new study that finds that cherry trees may be able to survive rising temperatures thanks to mountain-climbing bears that carry the cherry tree seeds to cooler climes.

It's projected that, over the next hundred years, temperatures on Earth could rise an average of nearly five degrees Celsius.

While some animals might be able to migrate north to escape the brunt of the heat, plants can't uproot themselves quite so easily.

But researchers wondered whether the creatures that disperse plant seeds might be able to help.

So scientists spent three years sifting through the droppings of Asiatic bears, looking for cherry tree seeds.

And they found that the bears were indeed transporting the seeds to cooler locations—not by moving to higher latitudes, but higher altitudes.

Seems the bears snack on the fruits that are found at the foot of the mountains in spring and then make the climb to higher elevations to enjoy young leaves and buds and flowers, particularly as the season progresses.

The researchers could tell that seeds had been deposited higher up the mountain than they had been harvested by the ratio of their oxygen isotopes, which changes with altitude.

And the 300 or so meters the seeds ascended should buy the resulting trees a degree or two in heat relief.

The study is in the journal Current Biology.

The finding is good news for plants, like cherry trees, that fruit in spring.

Unfortunately, the results suggest that plants that fruit in fall, when bears are headed back down for hibernation, will have to hold out for a different animal hero.

Or for a bear with a bad sense of direction.

想象一下一位奋不顾身的消防队员将一只宠物从熊熊大火建筑物中抢救出来的情景。

现在，想象下全球变暖就是着火的建筑物，樱桃树就是那只宠物，而熊就是这位英勇的消防员。

现在你肯定已经或多或少了解到这项新的研究，那就是得益于爬山熊将樱桃树的种子带到凉爽的地区，这种树木才可以在高温条件下存活。

预计未来的100年中，地表平均温度将上升5摄氏度。

而很多动物可能会前往北部地区躲避高温，但植物却不能够轻易搬家。

但研究人员认为如果动物能够传播植物的种子可能会起到帮助。

因此科学家们历时三年仔细寻找亚洲熊粪便中的樱桃树种。

而结果他们发现发现亚洲熊实际上将种子带到了更为凉爽的地方—不是前往高纬度地区，而是到了高海拔地区。

亚洲熊在春天会以山脚下的水果为食，而随着季节的推进，它们就会爬到更高处享用那里的嫩叶，花蕾及花朵。

通过研究氧同位素的比例，研究人员发现随着海拔的变化，种子所在地区的海拔会升高。

种子所在地区的海拔每增加300米左右，温度就会降低1-2度。

这项研究已经在《当代生物学》杂志上发表。

这一发现对樱桃树等春天结果的植物是个利好消息。

但不幸的是，这项研究表明由于亚洲熊们已经去冬眠，因此秋天结果的植物就只能期待另外的救星。

或者是依赖一只方向感不太好的熊。

1.thanks to 由于;因为

例句:Thanks to that job I became an avid reader.

多亏了那份工作我才成了一个喜欢阅读的人。

2.be able to 能够

例句:If only I could get some sleep, I would be able to cope.

要是能睡上一会儿，我就能应付了。

3.look for 寻找

例句:I was just going to look for you and here you are.

我正要找你，恰好你来了。

4.cherry tree 樱桃树

例句:Plum was grafted on the cherry tree.

樱桃树上嫁接李子。

2020托福听力练习：狒狒的叫声遵循蒙采拉特定律

Communication on Twitter is artificially constrained:140 characters per tweet, max.

So it turns out the more words in a tweet, the shorter each word tends to be—at least according to one analysis.

Sort a makes sense on Twitter: there's a limited amount of space to play with.

But the weird thing is, that pattern—longer phrase, shorter words—also holds true in our everyday language too.

It's called Menzerath's law.

"And it's this idea of essentially compression in information."

Morgan Gustison, a psychologist at the University of Michigan.

"So Menzerath's Law, the way you define it is, the larger the whole, the smaller the parts."

Gustison and her colleagues tested out that rule of human language on the calls of geladas—relatives of baboons.

They analyzed more than a thousand of those call sequences—which are strung together from six distinct call types.

And they found that, just as the law would predict in human communication, the longer the gelada sequence, the shorter the constituent calls.

And the shorter the string? The longer the calls.

The study is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Gustison says the meaning of the calls is still a bit of a mystery.

But the fact that they obey the rule could suggest something important is going on.

"The interesting thing about it is it suggests there are universal principles that can underpin complex vocal systems.

And so the more you say, you find a more efficient way of saying it.

So that's what we think is going on with the geladas, is that they have so much to say, so they’re finding these strategies to make what they’re saying more efficient."

Might not be a bad thing to consider…the next time you have a lot of say.

在推特上交流会受到人工限制：每一篇最多是140个字符。

而最近的一项分析表明每篇推文内容越丰富，单词越简洁。

这似乎很合情理：因为推特只有有限的空间让用户进行分享。

狒狒叫声.jpg

但奇怪的是，这种较长的措辞，简洁的单词模式在我们的日常语言中也同样适用。

这被称为蒙采拉特定律。

“本质上这是一种信息压缩理念。”

密歇根大学的心理学家摩根·古斯特森说道。

因此蒙采拉特定律就如同其定义的一样，一种语言结构越长，则构成它的成分越短。

古斯特森和她的同事在人类的亲戚狒狒身上检测人类语言的这种规则。

研究人员对狒狒的上千种叫声序列进行了分析，而这些叫声由6种不同的声音类型串在一起。