手术与害怕
外科疾病的治疗,多采用手术方法。而手术对于患者来说,是一次重大的不幸事件。因此手术本身就成为一种强烈的心理刺激,使患者处于焦虑、抑郁、紧张、恐惧等一系列情绪状态之中。情绪应激会引起一系列心理生理反应,促发与手术有关的心身症,女口手术神经症、频发手术症、器官移植综合征等,以致严重影响手术的进行和手术治疗效果。
手术包括治疗性手术,如外伤后的清创缝合、阑尾切除术、肾脏移植术、心脏冠脉搭桥术等,以及诊断性手术,如剖腹探查、心导管检查、病理切片检查等,它们都是创伤性的治疗与诊断方法。手术常常导致疼痛、大量出血及组织的损伤。这种刺激,常会使患者的生理及心理两方面都处于紧张状态,特别是具有性格缺陷的患者,更易产生强烈的情绪反应,从而诱发心身症。如果医生能对其做一些解释与安慰,将会有效控制患者不良情绪的发展。
手术前患者强烈的情绪反应,可导致一系列的躯体反应,如心悸、气促、胸闷、出汗、失眠、血压升高、儿茶酚胺升高、交感神经兴奋等多种躯体反应。如果不作处理,势必影响手术的进行及效果,引起心身疾病或严重的精神障碍,还可诱发冠心病、脑血管疾病,造成手术意外。另外,由于情绪应激和手术创伤,引起促肾上腺皮质激素及皮质类固醇的分泌,会使免疫机制受到抑制,增加细菌感染的机会。
患者的情绪反应并不因手术的完成而终止,许多患者术后仍有强烈的情绪反应。术后的疼痛不适,身体活动不便,使患者情绪受到压抑,渴望他人给予情感上的关怀与支持。而医院单调的环境,手术后的恢复,以及对并发症的顾虑,可使患者情绪忧虑。此时家属、同事及医护人员的同情和怜悯,常使患者产生较强的依赖感。那些做过破坏性较强的手术,出现过严重并发症或被确诊为恶性肿瘤的患者常出现失望、抑郁的情绪。也有部分患者由于病痛被消除,常表现出愉快的情绪。
外科手术的情绪问题是可以预防及控制的。在手术前对患者进行心理情绪指导,学习情绪的自我调控方法,能有效控制情绪对手术治疗的影响。许多患者都是首次做手术,由于对医院环境及手术过程不熟悉,以及不实际、不正确的想象,常使患者感到恐惧,此时可用脱敏疗法来帮助患者消除紧张,向患者讲解手术经过,也可播放一段类似手术的实况录像,让患者有一个直观的感受。对于那些公开暴露自己对手术恐惧,希望对手术有较多了解的患者,可让其反复观看同类录像,直到恐惧感缓解为止。对于
病情较重,情绪反应剧烈的患者可采用爱抚疗法。爱,有着异乎寻常的医疗效果,是消除情绪紧张、减轻思想负担的有效方法。美国洛杉矶医学院的专家们作了一次实验,他们对54位严重心律紊乱的男女病人进行观察,在每位手臂上安放一个心律测试仪,然后每天安排一位和蔼可亲的护士小姐三次到患者床前,握住他们的手,象是给他们拿脉,并温柔亲切地同患者交谈。实验结果显示,这些情绪不宁、充满死亡恐惧的患者,在女护士的爱抚体贴的几分钟内,心律竟出现平稳及安定,取得了药物治疗难以达到效果。
人对于抚摸有着强烈的要求,婴儿被母亲抚摸能获得“安全感”,成人时期,爱人的爱抚和抚摸,能产生良好的生理及心理效应,达到消除不良情绪反应的作用。
Surgery and Fear (or Operation and Fear)
This passage writes about the correlation between surgery and fear and measures to control the fear.
Surgery,as an intense mental stimulus, usually brings about emotional stress on the part of the patient, such as anxiety, depression and fear in particular. The emotional stress results in negative psychological and physiological responses which are likely to make the coming surgery and operative outcome less satisfactory.
The author points out that the strong emotional responses before surgery will lead to a series of body reactions, such as fast heart beat, short breath, sweating and high blood pressure. If the body reactions are not treated correctly,other serious body or mental disorders may probably occur (arise). Even the surgery may fail. In addition,the emotional stress,together with the operative invasion, increases the risk of bacterial infection.
After surgery, many patients still experience emotional responses. Some are depressed, because they feel painful and cannot move easily. Some are sad or fearful because they worry about compli cations and recovery or do not like the hospital surroundings.
At last the author says the emotional problems related to surgery can be overcome. Before surgery,patients should be provided with mental and emotional guidance. They can learn effective ways to control their emotions by themselves. A lecture to explain the surgical process or a film about the actural surgery is helful. Understanding will prevent the patients from feeling fearful. Forserious cases, loving therapy, or touches showing tender care, plays an important role in elimilating
their fear. (249 words)