Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A]， [B]， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were equally effective on television. Some of the 1 they experienced when they were trying to 2 themselves to the new medium were technical. When working 3 radio, for example, they had become 4 to seeing on 5 of the listener. This 6 of seeing for others means that the 7 has to be very good at talking. 8 all, he has to be able to 9 a continuous sequence of visual images which 10 meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the 11 of television, however, the commentator sees 12 with the viewer. His role, therefore, is 13 different. He is there to make 14 that the viewer does not 15 some points of interest, to help him 16 on particular things, and to 17 the images on the television screen. 18 his radio colleague, he must know the 19 of silence and how to use it at those moments 20 the pictures speaks for themselves.
1. A. difficultiesB. successesC. sufferingsD. incidents
2. A. turnB. adaptC. alterD. modify
3. A. onB. atC. with D. behind
4. A. experiencedB. determinedC. establishedD. accustomed
5. A. accountB. sideC. pointD. behalf
6. A. efficiencyB. technologyC. artD. performance
7. A. commentatorB. TV viewerC. speakerD. author
8. A. OfB. ForC. AboveD. In
9. A. inspire B. createC. causeD. perceive
10. A. addB. applyC. affectD. reflect
11. A. occasionB. eventC. factD. case
12. A. somethingB. nothingC. everythingD. anything
13. A. equallyB. completelyC. initiallyD. hardly
14. A. definiteB. possibleC. sureD. clear
15. A. loseB. depriveC. relieveD. miss
16. A. focusB. attendC. followD. insist
17. A. exhibitB. demonstrateC. exposeD. interpret
18. A. LikeB. UnlikeC. AsD. For
19. A. purposeB. goalC. valueD. intention
20. A. ifB. when C. whichD. as Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]， [B]， [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
It’s plain common sense—the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain common sense, but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.
People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.
The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable, but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.
Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling—happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They have also begun to find out who’s happy, who isn’t and why. To date, the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.
Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesn’t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that’s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.
21. According to the text, it is true that
[A] unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.
[B] happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.
[C] unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.
[D] happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.
22. The author argues that one can achieve happiness by
[A] maintaining it at an average level.
[B] escaping miserable occurrences in life.
[C] pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.
[D] realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.
23. The phrase “To date” (Para. 4) can be best replaced by
[A] As a result.
[B] In addition.
[C] At present.
[D] Until now.
24. What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?
[A] One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.
[B] They are independent but existing concurrently
[C] One feels happy by participating in more activities.
[D] They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.
25. The sentence “That’s that” (Para. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sad
[A] and the situation cannot be altered.
[B] and happiness remains inaccessible.
[C] but they don’t think much about it.
[D] but they remain unconscious of it.Text 2
Over the pastcentury, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or madeillegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, forthose as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination againstthose whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet。
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a bigadvantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phonedirectories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life overZo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of thealphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginningwith letters between A and K。
Thus the American president and vice-president have surnamesstarting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’spredecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of thealphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of theseven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabeticallyadvantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi).The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) areall close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanesecharacters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht)。
Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all thespare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets inearly. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupilsalphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. Soshort-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked theimproving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time thealphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet theresult may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention,as well as less confidence in speaking publicly。
The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, theABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans mostpeople are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, electionballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawnup alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough throughthem。
26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars andZodiac cars?
[A] A kind of overlooked inequality。
[B] A type of conspicuous bias。
[C] A type of personal prejudice。
[D] A kind of brand discrimination。
27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.
[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.
[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names。
[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize。
28. The 4th paragraph suggests that
[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students。
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class.
[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students.
[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight。
29. What does the author mean by “most people areliterally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?
[A] They are getting impatient。
[B] They are noisily dozing off。
[C] They are feeling humiliated。
[D] They are busy with word puzzles。
30. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are oftenill-treated。
[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism。
[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way togo。
[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias。Text 3
To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is neededfor the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing。”One suchcause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animalshave rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respondforcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the publicand thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of theanimal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on publicfunding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearingallegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed thatanyone would deliberately harm an animal。
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights boothat a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers notto use anything that comes from or is animals—no meat , no fur, nomedicines, Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccinescome from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I wouldhave to say yes。” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “ Don’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers。” Such well-meaningpeople just don't understand。
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in acompassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need tomake clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hipreplacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even apet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed toproduce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animalresearch seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。
Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middleschool classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respondto letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged andacquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be openedto tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, becausethe ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community shouldactively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as StephenCooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is areal possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the preciousembers of medical progress。
31. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to
[A] call on scientists to take some actions。
[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights。
[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research。
[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement。
32. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is
[A] cruel but natural。
[B] inhuman and unacceptable。
[C] inevitable but vicious。
[D] pointless and wasteful。
33. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show thepublic’s
[A] discontent with animal research。
[B] ignorance about medical science。
[C] indifference to epidemics。
[D] anxiety about animal rights。
34. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animalrights advocates, scientists should
[A] communicate more with the public。
[B] employ hi-tech means in research。
[C] feel no shame for their cause。
[D] strive to develop new cures。
35. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is
[A] a well-known humanist。
[B] a medical practitioner。
[C] an enthusiast in animal rights。
[D] a supporter of animal research。 Text 4
I am a neuroscientist.I make a living by studying how the brain works.Although neuroscience has taken huge strides forward in the past decade，it is a long way from being able to address the problems dealt with by psychotherapy.3) Neuroscience cannot yet explain how we feel，and it is a long way from being able to prescribe what a miserable person must do to feel better.So，as a neuroscientist，I feel I should have a conclusion about the alternative approach.
The first question I must answer is：“What do psychotherapies have to offer?”First，let us deal with the scientific angle.The best way to start is by assessing a claim that has cropped up several times over the year.It was first made of psychoanalysis，but it has been extended to other psychotherapies.It is the claim that psychoanalysis is the successor to religion，that it gives a scientific，rather than a superstitious，answer to the question of how best to lead a happy，fulfilled life.
I would say this claim is at best half right.Psychoanalysis may indeed answer the question of how best to lead a happy life，but it has a lot more in common with religion than it has with science.In fact，psychoanalysis is not the successor to religion，it is just another religion.
This assessment is based on the way religions and sciences deal with fundamental truths.In religions，truths are laid down by God and revealed to the prophets who，in their turn，pass them on to the faithful.They are sacred mysteries that cannot be questioned.In science，on the other hand，truths are nothing if not questionable.The laws of science are deduced from the results of experiments and can be used to predict new experimental results.If new results go against the prediction，they show the law to be false.A new experimental result，or a new theory for deriving predictions from the results，can change the accepted truths.If a scientific statement cannot，in principle，be proved wrong then it tells us nothing.
Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem.4)It is a maxim that our psychological problems are rooted in past conflicts，and that the repressed memories of these conflicts emerge from the unconscious in coded forms that can be interpreted by the analyst.But the codes are so obscure and so flexible that they defy rational explanation.There is no way the maxims could be disproved.They may not be sacred，but they are definitely mysteries.
Many other therapies are based on untestable theories.Of course，that doesn‘t necessarily prevent them from working.There is no doubt thousands of people feel that psychoanalysis has helped them to lead fuller and happier lives.But the number of satisfied customers is no guide to scientific validity;if it were，religion would come out way ahead.
36. The author considers his role as a neuroscientist____.
[A]irrelevant to that of a psychoanalyst
[B]different from that of a psychoanalyst
[C]of the same importance as that of a psychotherapeutist
[D]purely imaginary and impractical
37. According to the author，psychoanalysis is another religion in that____.
[A]it does nothing towards revealing fundamental truth
[B]its conclusions are seldom capable of being tested
[C]it has too many prophets and blind believers
[D]it takes over many doctrines from religious beliefs
38. By saying that“Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem”(Para.5)the author means that____.
[A]psychoanalysis deals with problems or conflicts inside the unconscious
[B]the assertions in psychoanalysis cannot be disproved
[C]psychoanalysis attaches no importance to doing experiments
[D]psychoanalysts can not explain psychological problems to patients
39. Which of the following is a science according to the author?
[A]Neuroscience.
[B]Psychoanalysis.
[C]Psychotherapy.
[D]None of the above.
40. The main purpose of the passage is____.
[A]to refute the practical value of psychoanalysis
[B]to propose neuroscience as an alternative to psychoanalysis
[C]to compare the theories of psychoanalysis with religious doctrines
[D]to explain why psychoanalysis is not a sciencePart B
Directions：
The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45， you are required to reorganize these paragraphs int0 a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them int0 the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles,birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some oftheseanimals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is,they have no descendants alive now. 41. Very occasionally the rocks showimpression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonablyaccurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rockin which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the originalland, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42. . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocksformed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or nearwater. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, andinsects, of which we know nothing.
43. . There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were coveredwith a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pairfor walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind ofshield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They wereusually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44. . Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important.They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary homeof the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed offthe previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the DorsetCoast.
45. .About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over andmost of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can tracethe evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many ofthe later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and werefeatured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A] The shell gush have a long history in the rock and many differentkinds are known.
[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because theirbones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we cantell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first knownin the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago theamphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. Theywere giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy poolsin which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to thereptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms oflife on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animalsevolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all verysimple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and amongthese are the sea?lilies, relations of the star?fishes, which had long armsand were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F] When an animal dies the body, its bones, or shell, may often becarried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud.If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered withmud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell becomeembedded and preserved.
[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks.Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidicsolution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stableform.Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments int0 Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
There is no question that science-fiction writers have become more ambitious, stylistically and thematically, in recent years. (46) But this may have less to do with the luring call of academic surroundings than with changing market conditions—a factor that academic critics rarely take into account. Robert Silverberg, a former president of The Science Fiction Writers of America, is one of the most prolific professionals in a field dominated by people who actually write for a living. (Unlike mystery or Western writers, most science-fiction writers cannot expect to cash in on fat movie sales or TV tie-ins.) (47) Still in his late thirties, Silverberg has published more than a hundred books, and he is disarmingly frank about the relationship between the quality of genuine prose and the quality of available outlet. By his own account, he was “an annoyingly verbal young man” from Brooklyn who picked up his first science-fiction book at the age of ten, started writing seriously at the age of thirteen, and at seventeen nearly gave up in despair over his inability to break into the pulp magazines. (48) At his parents’ urging, he enrolled in Columbia University, so that, if worst came to worst, he could always go to the School of Journalism and “get a nice steady job somewhere”. During his sophomore year, he sold his first science-fiction story to a Scottish magazine named Nebula. By the end of his junior year, he had sold a novel and twenty more stories. (49) By the end of his senior year, he was earning two hundred dollars a week writing science fiction, and his parents were reconciled to his pursuit of the literary life. “I became very cynical very quickly,” he says. First I couldn’t sell anything, then I could sell everything. The market played to my worst characteristics. An editor of a schlock magazine would call up to tell me he had a ten-thousand-word hole to fill in his next issue. I’d fill it overnight for a hundred and fifty dollars. I found that rewriting made no difference. (50) I knew I could not possibly write the kinds of things I admired as a reader—Joyce, Kafka, Mann—so I detached myself from my work. I was a phenomenon among my friends in college, a published, selling author. But they always asked, “When are you going to do something serious?” —meaning something that wasn’t science fiction—and I kept telling them, “ When I’m financially secure.”
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write an email to the editor of your local newspaper, stating your point of view on reading extensively.
Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.
Part B
52. Directions：
Write an essay of 160——200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay， you should
1) describe the drawing briefly，
2) explain it‘s intended meaning， and
3) give your comments.
Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)完型
1. 【答案】A. difficulties
【解析】本题测试词义搭配。本句译文：当他们试图适应这种新的媒体时他们遇到的困难是技术性的。
2. 【答案】 B. adapt
【解析】本题测试结构型词义搭配。adapt oneself to sth. 使……适应于：When you go to a foreign country, you should adapt yourself to new manners and customs.
turn to 求助于 ：You can turn to him for help when you are in trouble. (你有困难时可以求助于他)
alter (部分的)改变，修改：Have you altered your mind? (你是否已改变主意?)
modify (稍稍)修改，变更：You have to modify the plan if necessary. 此外，modify 还可以作“修饰”解，如：Adverbs modify verbs. (副词修饰动词。)
3.【答案】A. on
【解析】本题测试惯用搭配。on radio 用无线电，通过广播(强调行为手段)：The concert is broadcast on radio. on radio 在涵义上相当于 by radio, 例如，We can listen to music broadcast by radio. 此外，还有on the radio 意为：“通过广播，无线电广播中”，例如：1) I listen to the music on the radio. 2) There was good music on the radio last night.
at, with, behind 与 radio 不能构成惯用搭配，而且从上下文意思上看也不符合题意。
4. 【答案】D. accustomed
【解析】本题测试词义搭配。be(或 become ,get ) accustomed to sth. or to doing sth.习惯于：You will soon get accustomed to the climate here. (你会很快习惯这里的气候的。)从上下文的逻辑意思和语法结构上看，experienced, determined, established 均不切题。
5.【答案】D. behalf
【解析】本题测试惯用搭配。on behalf of 代表，为了。 on account of 由于;on the side of 在…. 一边;be on the point of doing sth. 刚要做某事。
6. 【答案】C. art
【解析】本题测试词义搭配。art 技能，本领：the art of seeing for others 意为：“这种替别人看实况的技能”。technology 技术，performance 演出，节目，执行，完成;efficiency 效率，均不符合题意。
7.【答案】A. commentator
【解析】本题测试逻辑型词义搭配。
本句译为：这种替别人看实况的技能意味着，电视解说员必须有高超的谈话艺术。
8.【答案】C.Above
【解析】本题测试惯用搭配。above all (= most important) 最重要的。 in all 总共：There are thirty students in all in the class. for all 是复合介词，意为“尽管”。
9.【答案】B.create
【解析】本题测试词义搭配。create 创立，创建：1)They are struggling to create a new social order. 2) That would create a wrong impression. (那样会造成错误的印象) cause 引起;inspire 鼓舞;perceive 认识到，察觉到。
本句译文：最要的是他必须善于把看到的情景变成一个个连续的画面，用声音把实况介绍给观众。
10.【答案】A.Add
【解析】本题测试词义搭配。add ….to 把…… 加到….. which add meaning to the sounds which the listener hears 意为“这些图像使得观众听到的声音具
有一定的意义”，即“听众听到了解说员用声音介绍的实况内容”。
11.【答案】D.case
【解析】本题测试惯用搭配。in the case of 就……而言。注意 in the case of 和 in case of 在涵义和用法上的区别：in case of 万一发生…..。 in the event of(=in case of )如果发生。occasion 不能与in 搭配，但是可以与on 搭配，如：on the occasion of 在…..场合，值…..之际：He gave me a present on the occasion of my birthday.
12. 【答案】C. everything
【解析】本题测试逻辑搭配。
本句译为：然而，就电视而言 ，解说员与电视观众都能看到全部图像。
13.【答案】B. completely
【解析】本题测试词义搭配。completely different 完全不同。 equally, hardly, initially (起初，最初)均不符合题意。
14.【答案】C. sure
【解析】本题测试词义搭配。make sure 查明，弄确实;后可接 of 或 about, 也可接从句，例如：1)Please make sure of the date of the next meeting.(请确定下次会议的时间。) 2)Please make sure that the house is locked properly.(一定要把房门锁好。)
15.【答案】D.miss
【解析】本题测试词义搭配。miss vt. 错过。
本句译为：电视解说员要确保电视观众不错过一些精彩场面，他要提醒电视观众注意一些特殊的事情并向观众讲解电视荧幕上的图像。
16.【答案】A. focus
【解析】本题测试词义搭配。focus on 注视，集中。insist on 坚持(某种意见或看法);attend on 照顾，伺候：Two nurses attended on the patient. follow vt.后面不能接 on ,意为“跟随”。
17.【答案】D.interpret
【解析】本题测试词义搭配。interpret 解释，说明：How can I interpret this behavior? exhibit 展览，展示;demonstrate vt. 演示，显示，表演;expose vt. 暴露。
18.【答案】B. unlike
【解析】本题测试词义型结构搭配。unlike 不像……, 和…….不同。从上下文逻辑意思来看，本句是讲电视实况解说员与无线电实况解说员转播方式不同，他按照电视图像进行讲解。可见，只能选择 unlike.
19. 【答案】C. value
【解析】本题测试词义搭配。value 价值，有用性。电视实况解说员在图像很清楚时，就不必再作解释。这时“沉默”就起了微妙的作用，让观众自己去欣赏，体会和评论。可见，此处只能选 value. purpose (目的)，goal(目标)和intention(意图，意向)均不符合题意。
20.【答案】B. when
【解析】本题测试逻辑搭配。句中when 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 moments, 意为“在图像本身一目了然的时候”。
本句译为：他和无线电解说员情况不同，他必须知道沉默的作用，在电视图像一目了然的时候如何利用这种作用。 Text 1
一、文章大意与结构
此文主要讨论幸福感与不幸福感的关系。第一、二段指出，幸福感与不幸福感并不是同一情感的两个方面， 而是两种共存的不同感受， 两者之间没有多少关系。第三至五段提到，不幸福感的遗传禀性可能存在于某些家庭，而幸福感则主要靠后天培养。幸福感是一种主观感受，天生感到不幸福的人也可通过自己的努力增加幸福感。
此文结构上的显著特点是各段中均使用转折词“but”或“however”，前半段的叙述作为铺垫，后半段以转折词引出作者的观点。
二、试题解析
21. [A]判断题。此文第三段第三、四句说，研究表明，不幸福感的遗传禀性可能存在于某些家庭。幸福感似乎与遗传无关。由此可以断定，A“不幸福感是遗传的，而不是受环境影响的”正确。
B“幸福与不幸福互为条件”，与第一段末句相悖;C“不幸受外部因素而不是内部因素影响”，与A项相反;D“幸福是一种不可控的主观感受”错误，幸福并非“uncontrollable”，它可以培养(三段末句)。
22. [C]细节题。 题干中的关键词是“achieve happiness by…”。文中有两处对此进行了回答：第三段末句“获得快乐的能力主要是自己培养的”，第五段末句“你可以通过自己的行动增加幸福”。因此C“不懈努力地追求它”符合文意。
A“保持一般的幸福程度”，B“逃避生活中恼人的事情”，D“认识到它与不幸福共存”，均不正确。
23. [D]词义题。词语意义的判断必依据上下文：其前一句“他们也开始发现谁幸福谁不幸福及其原因”，其后一句“研究尚未找到幸福生活的简单定律，但业已发现某些行动和态度似乎会更使人们接近最渴望的那种感受”， 且句中谓语皆为现在完成时。故D“迄今为止”在意义和结构上皆恰当。
A“结果”，B“此外”，C“目前”，均不可取。
24. [B] 判断题。题干中的关键词是作者的believes(看法)。依据第一段末句“他们是两种不同的情感， 二者共存，各自增减”判断， B“他们各自独立又同时存在”符合作者看法。
A“人们因为出身贫寒而感到不幸福”，不合文意;C“人们参加更多的活动可感到幸福”是对actions的曲解;D“它们是人类采取的行动和态度”， 对第四段末句的曲解，行为和态度本身并非幸福或不幸福。
25. [A] 句意题。“and that’s that”是对前半句的进一步肯定，意为“就是这样;就是这么回事”。据此，只有A“情况无法改变”符合句意。
B“幸福依然难以获得”，C“但他们对此考虑不多”，D“但他们对此未意识到”。TEXT 2
26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars andZodiac cars?
作者用“AAAA汽车”和“Zodiac汽车”来例证什么?
[A] A kind of overlooked inequality. 某种被忽视的不平等。
[B] A type of conspicuous bias. 某种显而易见的偏见。
[C] A type of personal prejudice. 某种个人的偏见。
[D] A kind of brand discrimination. 某种品牌上的歧视。
【答案】 A
【考点】 判断题。
【分析】 本题考查作者的写作意图，即作者用这两个例子试图来证明什么问题。通常人们只有在需要证明某个方面的问题时才会引用例子，那么作者用这两个例子究竟是为了说明什么问题呢?其实考生在读完第一段之后就应该比较清楚作者的意图了，即他正在试图证明按字母排序这一隐蔽的不公平现象。[B]“某种显而易见的偏见”错在“显而易见”。[C]“某种个人的偏见”错在“个人”。[D]“某种品牌上的歧视”是故意在偷换概念，举这两个例子不是为了说明哪一个品牌好，而是为了证明字母顺序主义的存在与危害。
27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
从文章前三段，我们可以推断出什么?
[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success。
在东方和西方，名字对于成功来说都是至关重要的。
[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.
Zo.Zysman的失败应该归咎于字母表。
[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names。
顾客通常很注重公司的名字。。
[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize。
某种歧视过于微妙以至于难以被人发现。
【答案】 D
【考点】 文章结构与举例说明题。
【分析】 考生只有通读作者要求的这三段，才能够得出正确结论。第一段提出“字母顺序主义”这一说法，第二段举例说明这种现象在生活中的表现，第三段举例说明“字母顺序主义”在名人身上的体现。在上题中说过，举例都是为了证明某个观点，也就是说，第二和第三段都是为了证明第一段提出的论点。从几个关键的单词、词组“insidious”，“unaware”以及“less well known”我们可以推断出正确选项[D]“某种歧视过于微妙以至于难以被人发现。”。选项[A]显得过于绝对。将某一个人或者某一类人的失败全部归咎于字母是有失偏颇的，文章中只是说，由于名字靠后，有一些学生可能容易被老师忽视，从而导致学习的失败，但是这不能说明都是字母的责任，而且这一点已经不在前三段了。选项[C]这一说法也是以偏概全，文中只是说顾客容易受到字母排序的影响从而注意到排名靠前的出租车公司而已。
28. The 4th paragraph suggests that 第四段暗示
[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students。
更加聪明的学生经常被提问。
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class。
姓氏在字母排序中处于劣势的学生经常逃课。
[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students。
老师应该关注所有的学生。
[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight。
学生应该按照视力的好坏来排座位。
【答案】 C
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 文章中没有直接给出一个答案，考生必须自己通过透彻的理解原文才能得出结论。第四段认为“这不是巧合，按字母表顺序排名靠后而吃亏的人在业余时间凭空想出一种理论认为这种倒霉事儿很早就开始了。在幼儿学校第一年之始，老师为了较为容易记住学生的名字，就按字母表顺序由前往后给学生排座位。因此近视的小Zysman就被插在了后排，这样一来，粗心的教师提出的有助于提高的问题就很少会问到他。这时，按字母表顺序排名靠后的学生还认为他们能逃避老师的问题很幸运。然而，结果可能就是成绩欠佳，因为这种学生得到的个人关注较少，同时当众讲话时的信心也不足”。至此，作者再一次试图论证其论点，即“按照字母排序是隐蔽的不平等”。而且这还导致了学生不能够得到公平的教育机会，也就是在说，老师们该关注关注那些按字母排序吃亏的人了，因此选项[C]比较符合文意。[D]是一种貌似正确实际上以偏概全的说法，没有达到作者想要表达的高度，是一种比较肤浅的表象的看法，有些考生没有仔细精读原文，就可能受其影响。
29. What does the author mean by “most people areliterally having a ZZZ”(Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?
“most people are literally having a ZZZ”(第五段第二、三行)是什么意思?
[A] They are getting impatient. 他们急不可耐。
[B] They are noisily dozing off. 他们鼾声大作。
[C] They are feeling humiliated. 他们感觉受到了屈辱。
[D] They are busy with word puzzles. 他们忙于拼字游戏。。
【答案】 B
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 看第五段“这种羞辱继续着。在大学的毕业典礼上，姓名首字母是A、B、C的学生骄傲地首先领到奖品;等轮到Zysman们领奖品的时候，大多数人差不多都在‘ZZZ’了”。在西方漫画中，“ZZZ”就是表示打鼾，这是考查考生平日的英语学习中是否对西方文化背景知识给予足够的关注。
30. Which of the following is true according to the text?
根据本文，以下哪一种说法是正确的?
[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated。
姓氏字母为N到Z的人经常受到不公平的对待。
[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism。
西方世界的重要人士从字母顺序主义中获益颇丰。
[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go。
消除字母顺序主义的运动仍然任重而道远。
[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias。
凡是按照字母排序把事物排列的做法可能会导致无意识的偏见。
【答案】 D
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 本题考查的是事实细节，而且选项跨度很大，只有在通篇阅读本文并且取得深刻认识之后，我们才有可能完全答对本道题目。选项[A]这一说法的问题出在作者提到“A-K”，而不是到“M”，而且“ill-treated”这个单词有点过了，因为字母顺序主义导致的不公平与主观的虐待还是有很大区别的。选项[B]这一说法的问题出在程度的限定上。文章中提到许多杰出人士在字母排序中靠前，但是这只能够说这些人相比字母靠后的人可能更容易成功，而且西方世界的重要人士这个主语太大了，它也包括字母靠后的那些重要人士，而且用“gain a great deal”都显得过于夸张。[C]这个说法与作者的意图不同，作者只是在论证字母顺序主义这样一种不平等现象，但是并没有提出要消除字母顺序主义。只有选项[D]还比较合理，来自于首段的第二、三句。
难句解析：
1. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers todiscrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lowerhalf of the alphabet。
【结构分析】该句子的主句是“this refers to discrimination”。主语“this”和谓语“refersto”之间插入了介宾短语“for those”作状语，“those”后跟着形容词短语“unaware of…”作其定语，宾语“discrimination”后跟介宾短语“against those…”作定语，“those”后又有“whose”引导的定语从句来修饰。
2. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnamesstarting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’spredecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of thealphabet against just 16 in the second half。
【结构分析】“and”将本句分为两个并列分句，第一个分句即“American president and vice-president have surnames”，第二个分句是“26of…had surnames”。第一个分句的宾语“surnames”后是现在分词结构“starting with”作定语;第二个分句宾语紧跟的介词结构“in the first half of the alphabet”作定语。
全文翻译：
在过去的一个世纪里各种各样的不公和歧视遭到了谴责或定为非法。但是有一种隐蔽的不公和歧视形式还在盛行：字母顺序主义。对于尚未意识到其危害的人来说，它指的是针对那些姓氏起始字母位于字母表后半部的人的歧视。
人们早已知道在客户翻阅电话簿时，名叫AAAA的出租汽车公司要比Zodiac出租汽车公司有很大的优越性。至于在生活方面，一个名叫Adam Abbott的人较之一个名为Zo? Zysman的人占了多大的优势就不那么为人所知了。英语的姓名虽然在字母表的前后两部分的分布相当平均，但杰出人物的姓名的首字母在A与K之间的却多得可疑。
如此这般，美国的总统和副总统的姓氏分别是以B和C字母起头。乔治·布什的前任有二十六位(包括其父)的姓氏均在字母表的前半部分，而姓氏在字母表后半部的却仅有十六位。更加令人瞩目的是七国首脑中有六位在其姓氏按字母表顺序排名时靠前(Berlusconi，Blair，Bush，Chirac，Chrétien，Koizumi)。世界三大中央银行家(Greenspan，Duisenberg，Hayami)的姓氏首字母全都接近字母表的上端，三人之中有一人名字尽管用的是日文，也是如此。世界上最富有的前五位情况也是如此(Gates，Buffett，Allen，Ellison，Albrecht)。
这仅仅是巧合吗?按字母表顺序排名靠后而吃亏的人在业余时间凭空想出一种理论，认为这种倒霉事儿很早就开始了。在幼儿学校第一年之始，老师为了较为容易记住学生的名字，就按字母表顺序由前往后给学生排座位。因此近视的小Zysman就被插在了后排，这样一来，粗心的教师提出的有助于提高学生能力的问题就很少会问到他。这时，按字母表顺序排名靠后的学生还认为他们能逃避老师的问题很幸运。然而，结果可能就是成绩欠佳，因为这种学生得到的个人关注较少，同时当众讲话时的信心也不足。
这种耻辱还在继续着。在大学的毕业典礼上，姓名首字母是A、B、C的学生骄傲的首先领到奖品;等轮到Zysman们领奖品的时候，大多数人简直都在鼾声大作了。求职面试、选举投票、会议发言或参加会议等诸多名单，也是按字母表顺序排序，当人们费劲地向下查看时，兴趣随之索然。
