The establishment of the Third Reich influenced events in American history by starting a chain of events which culminated in war between Germany and the United States. The compete destruction of democracy， the persecution of Jews， the war on religion， the cruelty and barbarism of the Nazis， and especially the plans of Germany and her allies， Italy and Japan， for world conquest caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of another world war. While speaking out against Hitler‘s atrocities， the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality. The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 prohibited trade with any belligerents or loans to them. In 1937 the President was empowered to declare an arms embargo in wars between nations at his discretion.
American opinion began to change somewhat after President Roosevelt‘s “quarantine the aggressor” speech at Chicago (1937) in which he severely criticized Hitler’s policies. Germany‘s seizure of Austria and the Munich Pact for the partition of Czechoslovakia (1938) also aroused the American people. The conquest of Czechoslovakia in March， 1939 was another rude awakening to the menace of the Third Reich. In August，1939 came the shock of the Nazi-soviet Pact and in September the attack on Poland and the outbreak of European war. The United States attempted to maintain neutrality in spite of sympathy for the democracies arrayed against the Third Reich. The Neutrality Act of 1939 repealed the arms embargo and permitted “cash and carry” exports of arms to belligerent nations. A strong national defense program was begun. A draft act was passed (1940) to strengthen the military services. A Lend Act (1941) authorized the President to sell， exchange， or lend materials to any country deemed necessary by him for the defense of the United States. Help was given to Britain by exchanging certain overage destroyers for the right to establish American bases in British territory in the Western Hemisphere. In August， 1940 President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met and issued the Atlantic Charter which proclaimed the kind of a world which should be established after the war. In December， 1941， Japan launched the unprovoked attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor. Immediately thereafter， Germany declared war on the United States.
1.One item occurring before 1937 that the author does not mention in his list of actions that alienated the American public was
[A] the burning of the Reichstag.
[B] German plans for conquest.
[C] Nazi barbarism.
[D] the persecution of religious groups.
2.The Lend-Lease Act was designed to
[A] help the British.
[B] strengthen the national defense of the United States.
[C] promote the Atlantic Charter.
[D] avenge Pearl Harbor.
3.American Policy during the years 1935-1936 may be described as being
[A] watchful.
[B] isolationist.
[C] peaceful.
[D] indifferent.
4.The Neutrality Act of 1939
[A] permitted the selling of arms to belligerent nations.
[B] antagonized Japan.
[C] permitted the British to trade only with the Allies.
[D] led to Lend-Lease Act.
5.We entered the war against Germany
[A] because Germany declared war.
[B] because Japan was an ally of Germany.
[C] after Germany had signed the Nazi-soviet Pact.
[D] after peaceful efforts had failed.
写作方法与文章大意
文章讲述了第三帝国成立，美国由中立到宣战的一段历史。采用按年代先后进行叙述的写作手法。文章一开始就点明主题：“第三帝国的成立影响了美国历史，从一系列事情开始，最终导致德国和美国交战。”
答案详解
1. A帝国大厦焚毁，众所周知，这是纳粹希特勒精心策划的一次政治阴谋，旨在迫害德国共产党。B. 德国征服计划。C. 纳粹之残暴。D. 迫害宗教团体。在文中都提到。见第一段第二句“民主的全面摧毁、对犹太人的迫害、摧残宗教、纳粹的残忍和野蛮，特别是德国及其盟国意、日、征服世界的计划激起美国极大愤怒，也带来了对又一次世界大战的恐惧。”
2. B 加强美国国防。见第二段导数第五句“1941年的租借法规定：总统对他认为保卫美国所需要的国家有权卖给、交换或借给他们物资。”A. 帮助英国，不对。C. 促进大西洋公约。大西洋公约是1941年8月，罗斯福和邱吉尔会面后的联合公告。D. 报复珍珠港。是1941年日本发起袭击的报复。
3. B 与世隔绝。这在第一段第三句“美国人民虽然反对希特勒的凶残等事，他们一般还是喜欢孤立(与世隔绝的)政策和保持中立。1933年和1936年的中立条约规定：禁止和交战国双方贸易和借贷。”A. 观察的。C. 和平的。D. 不正确的。
4. A 允许把武器卖给交战国。答案在第二段第六句“1939年的中立条约取消了武器禁运，允许进行现钞交易出口武器给交战国。”B. 和日本敌对。C. 允许英国只能和其盟国贸易。D. 导致租借条约。
5. A 因为德国宣战。这在第一段已有说明。尽管希特勒坏事做尽，美国还是倾向于中立政策。第二段罗斯福在芝加哥的演讲，态度稍有改变。严厉批评希特勒的政策，但仍然以中立为主。1941年日本袭击珍珠港，不久德国宣战，美国才不得不参战。PEOPLE， like most animals， are naturally lazy. So the ascent of mankind is something of a mystery. Humans who make their livings hunting and gathering in the traditional way do not have to put much effort into it. Farmers who rely on rain to water their crops work significantly harder， and lead shorter and unhealthier lives. But the real back-breaking， health-destroying labour is that carried out by farmers who use irrigation. Yet it was the invention of irrigation， at first sight so detrimental to its practitioners， that actually produced a sufficient surplus to feed the priests， politicians， scholars， artists and so on whose activities are collectively thought of as “civilisation”。
In the past 10，000 yeas， the world‘s climate has become temporarily colder and drier on several occasions. The first of these， known as the Younger Dryads， after a tundra-loving plant that thriced during it， occurred at the same time as the beginning of agriculture in northern Mesopotamis. It is widely believed that this was nor a coincidence. The drying and cooling of the YOUNGER Dryads adversely affected the food supply of hunter-gatherers. That would have created an incentive for agriculture to spread once some bright spark invented it.
Why farmers then moved on to irrigation is， however， far from clear. But Harvey Weiss， of Yale University， think she knows. Dr. Weiss observes that the development of irrigation coincides with a second cool， dry period， some 8，200 years ago. His analysis of rainfall patterns in the area suggests that rainfall in agriculture‘s upper-Mesopotamian heartland would， at this time， have falllen below the level needed to sustain farming reliably. Farmers would thus have been forced out of the area in search of other opportunities.
Once again， an innovative spark was required. But it clearly occurred to some of these displaced farmers that the slow-moving waters of the lower Tigris and Euphrates， near sea level， could be diverted using canals and used to water crops， and the rest， as the clich has it， is history.
So climate change helped to intensify agriculture， and thus start civilization. But an equally intriguing idea is that the spread of agriculture caused climate change. In this case， the presumed criminal is forest clearance. Most of the land cultivated by early farmers in the Middle East would have been forested. When the trees that grew there were cleared， the carbon they contained ended up in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Moreover， one form of farming—the cultivation of rice in waterlongged fields—generates methane， in large quantities. Willianm Ruddiman， of the University of Virginia， explained that， in combination， these two phenomena had warmed the atmosphere prior to the start of the industrial era. As environmentalists are wont to observe， mankind is part of nature. These studies show just how intimate the relationship is.
1. The invention of irrigation is meaningful because it could help to
[A] alleviate farmers‘ workload
[B] increase agricultural production.
[C] make planting much easier
[D] get rid of human laziness.
2. According to Dr. Weiss， the second cool and dry period eventually
[A] changed the growing season.
[B] spurred the use of canals.
[C] forced the farmers to desert agriculture.
[D] led to declining populations.
3. From the first four paragraphs， we can infer that the dawn of civilization
[A] was accompanied by hardships of human existence.
[B] is a mystery as yet unknown to mankind.
[C] can be attributed to the innovative sparks of ancestors.
[D] was recorded by history books ending at that time.
4. Which of the following tends to warm the climate?
[A] To develop the irrigation system.
[B] To promote organic agriculture.
[C] To revert to hunting and gathering
[D] To turn farmland back into forest.
5. the text is mainly about
[A] the relationship between climate change and civilization.
[B] the history of global climate change.
[C] the interaction between nature and human society.
[D]the impact of the spread of agriculture.
答案与解析
1. B 细节题。本题的问题是“灌溉的发明具有重要意义，因为它可能有助于”。题干中的“the invention of irrigation”出自文章第一段最后一句话中，表明本题与第一段有关。第一段提到，正是乍一看对其实践者如此有害的灌溉发明才真正生产出足够的剩余产品养活了牧师、学者、艺术家等等。这说明，原因是它增加了农业产量。[B]“提高农业产量”与此意符合，为正确答案。[A]“减轻农民的劳动强度”和[C]“使种植容易得多”与该段第五句话的意思相反;[D]“消除人类的懒惰”是针对该段第一句话设置的干扰项，但文中的信息并不能说明灌溉的发明消除了人类的懒惰，他们只是为了生计而勤劳，所以D与文意不符。
2. B 细节题。本题的问题是“根据韦斯博士的观点，第二个寒冷、干燥的时期最终 ”。题干中的“Dr.Weiss”和“the second cool and dry period”出自文章第三段第二、三句话中，表明本题与第三段有关。第三段介绍了韦斯博士的观点——灌溉的发展时期与大约8，200年前的第二个寒冷、干燥时期时间吻合，接着提到了他的分析，指出，当时美索不达米亚北部农业中心地带的降雨可能减少，低于维持农业稳步发展的水平，第四段接着提到农民想到利用运河灌溉农作物的问题。这说明，韦斯博士认为，第二个寒冷、干燥的时期可能促进了运河的发展。[B]“促进了运河的利用”与此意符合，为正确答案。[A] “改变了生长季节”和[D]“导致人口减少”属于无中生有;[C]“迫使农民放弃农业”是针对第三段最后一句话设置的干扰项，文中说的是被迫离开降雨减少的地区，不是放弃农业，所以C与文意不符。
3. A 推论题。本题的问题是“根据前面四段，我们可以推知，文明的起源 ”。文章第一段首先提到了灌溉的发明的意义，随后三段介绍了气候的变化导致农民生活艰难，也促进了灌溉的发展，最后一段指出，气候变化有助于强化农业的发展，进而开创文明。由此可知。文明的起源伴随的是人类生存的艰难。[A]“伴随着人类生存的艰难困苦”与此意符合，为正确答案。[B]“是人类还不知道的一个秘密”是针对第一段第二句话和第三段第一句话设置的干扰项，与文意不符;文中的信息表明，是气候的变化导致了人们生存困难，从而激发了创造灵感，说明气候的变化是关键，所以[C]“可能归因于祖先的创造灵感”与文意不符;[D]“根据历史书记载于那个时候结束”是针对第四段最后一句话设置的干扰项，明显与文意不符。
4. B 细节题。本题的问题是“下面哪项往往导致气候变暖?”最后一段解释了大气升温的原因——早期的农民砍伐树木可能导致树木所含的碳转化成二氧化碳进入大气，在水田里种植水稻产生了大量的甲烷，这两种现象共同导致了工业时代之前的大气升温。这说明，发展农业可能导致气候变暖。[B]“发展有机农业”与此意符合，为正确答案。文中的信息并没有表明灌溉与气候变暖有关系，所以[A]“发展灌溉系统”不对;[C]“回归狩猎和采摘生活”和[D]“退耕还林”是在保护树木，不会导致气候变暖，所以不对。
5. A 主旨题。本题的问题是“本文主要是关于 ”。文章第一段提到，灌溉的发明促进了文明的发展，随后的段落分析指出，灌溉的发明是气候变化的结果，最后一段总结到，气候变化有助于强化农业的发展，进而开创文明。这说明，本文主要讲的是气候变化与文明的发展之间的关系。[A]“气候变化与文明之间的关系”是对本文内容的恰当概括，可以表达本文的主题，为正确答案。本文只是在第二、三段提到了全球气候发生的变化，而这是为了说明气候变化导致灌溉的发展所举的例子，不是本文讨论的重点，所以[B]“全球气候变化的历史”不能表达本文的主题;[C]“自然界和人类社会的交互作用”范围太广，不能表达本文的主题;[D]“农业发展产生的影响”只是最后一段的内容，不能表达本文的主题。To date， over 1 billion Barbie dolls have been sold. The average American girl aged between three and 11 owns a staggering ten Barbie dolls， according to Mattel， the American toy giant. An Italian or British girl owns seven; a French or German girl， five. The Barbie brand is worth some $2 billion——a little ahead of Armani， just behind the Wall Street Journal——making it the most valuable toy brand in the world， according to Interbrand， a consultancy. How is it that this impossibly proportioned， charmless toy has endured in an industry notorious for whimsical fad and fickle fashion?
Part of Barbie's appeal is that she has become， according to Christopher Varaste， a historian of Barbie， “the face of the American dream”。 Barbie is not a mere toy， nor product category： she is an icon. Quite how she became one is hotly debated among the Barbie sorority. Some think she answers an innate girlish desire for fantasy， role-playing and dressing-up. Others believe that Mattel has simply manipulated girls' aspirations to that end.
Either way， wrapped up in her pouting lips and improbable figure——buxom breasts， wafer-thin waist and permanently arched feet waiting to slip into a pair of high heels——is an apparently enduring statement of aspiration and western aesthetic. She is， according to M.G. Lord， who has written a biography of Barbie， “the most potent icon of American popular culture in the late twentieth century.”
Officialdom has recognised Barbie's iconic status. The Americans included a Barbie doll in the 1976 bicentennial time capsule. Earlier this year， the American government buried her in a “women's health” time capsule， alongside a pair of forceps and a girdle. As an emblem of Americana she is subject to pastiche， derision and political statement. Andy Warhol made a portrait of Barbie， the Campbell's soup of toy brands. An exhibition in London earlier this year displayed “Suicide Bomber Barbie” by Simon Tyszko， a British artist. Her hair was blonde， her hair ribbon red， and around her slender waist was wrapped a belt of explosives， attached to a detonator held daintily in her hand.
Barbie has not colonised girls' imaginations by accident. Mattel has dedicated itself to promoting Barbie as “a lifestyle， not just a toy”。 In addition to selling the dolls， Mattel licenses Barbie in 30 different product categories， from furniture to make-up. A girl can sleep in Barbie pyjamas， under a Barbie duvet-cover， her head on a Barbie pillow-case， surrounded by Barbie wall-paper， and on， and on. There are Barbie conventions， fan clubs， web sites， magazines and collectors' events.
“She's so much more than a character brand，” enthuses a Mattel publicity person， “she's a fashion statement， a way of life.” (449 words)
1. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] The average American girl aged between three and 11 owns 10 staggering Barbie dolls.
[B] Wall Street Journal is the most valuable toy brand in the world.
[C] The Barbie brand is the most valuable toy brand in the world.
[D] The Barbie brand is worth more than $2 billion.
2. How did Barbie become an icon according to the text?
[A] Barbie has “the face of the American dream”。
[B] She answers an innate girlish desire for fantasy， role-playing and dressing-up
[C] It is Mattel that manipulated girls' aspirations to that end.
[D] Different people have different explanations.
3. Barbie's iconic status is shown in all the following EXCEPT______.
[A] Barbie doll in the 1976 bicentennial time capsule
[B] She was buried in a “women's health” time capsule
[C] She is subject to pastiche， derision and political statement
[D] Barbie has colonised girls' imaginations
4. It can be inferred from the text that Mattel is_______.
[A] a man who created Barbie doll
[B] the name of a toy manufacturer
[C] an individual organization
[D] a sorority
5. The best title for the text may be ______.
[A] Barbie dolls in USA
[B] Barbie's appeal
[C] Barbie's appeal and iconic status
[D] Barbie， the most valuable toy brand
答案与解析
1. C 细节题。本题的问题是“根据本文，下面哪项说法正确?”[A]“3到11岁的普通美国女孩都令人惊讶地拥有10个芭比娃娃玩具”与第一段第二句话的意思不符，文中说的是3到10岁的普通美国女孩;[B]“《华尔街期刊》是世界上最有价值的杂志”与第一段第四句话的意思不符;[D]“芭比这个品牌值20多亿美元”与第一段第四句话的意思不符，文中是说值大约20亿美元，不是说20多亿美元。文章第一段提到，芭比这个品牌值大约20亿美元，这使得它成为世界上最有价值的玩具品牌。[C]“芭比这个品牌是世界上最有价值的玩具品牌”是对该句话的改写，为正确答案。
2. D 细节题。本题的问题是“芭比成为世界上的一个偶像，因为 ”。题干中的“an i. con”出自文章第二段第二句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。第二段在解释芭比这种现象的原因时指出，有人认为芭比已经成为“美国梦想的表现”，有人认为芭比是一个偶像，有人认为芭比满足了少女对幻想、追星以及穿着打扮的天生渴望，其他人认为，墨泰尔只是巧妙地满足了少女们对那个目标的渴望。这说明，对于芭比成为一个偶像这一点，人们的观点不同。[D]“不同的人们有不同的解释”是对第二段的概括，为正确答案。[A] “芭比有‘美国梦想的表现”’、[B]“她满足了少女对幻想、追星以及穿着打扮的天生渴望”和[C]“正是墨泰尔巧妙地满足了少女们对那个目标的渴望”都只是部分原因，不全面。
3. C 细节题。本题的问题是“下面所有选项都体现了芭比的偶像地位，除了 ”。题干中的“iconic status'‘出自文章第四段第一句话中，表明本题与第三段有关。第三段提到，美国人把芭比娃娃玩具放入”200周年纪念的时代文物储放器“中，美国政府把她随同一把钳子和一个腰带一起放入一个”女性健康“时代文物储放器中;第五段提到，芭比并不是偶然俘获少女们的幻想的。这些都是芭比产生的正面效应，说明[A]”芭比玩具被放入1976年的’200周年纪念的时代文物储放器‘中“、[B]”她被放入一个’女性健康‘时代文物储放器中“和[D]”芭比俘获了少女们的幻想“体现了芭比的偶像地位。第四段中间部分提到，作为美国文物的象征，芭比容易成为模仿作品，成为笑柄，成为政治声明，随后提到了有人制作的人体炸弹芭比。这是在讲芭比产生的负面结果，所以[C]”她容易成为模仿作品，成为笑柄，成为政治声明“不能体现芭比的偶像地位。
4. B 推论题。本题的问题是“根据本文i可以推知，墨泰尔 ”。题干中的“Mattel”出自文章第一段第二句话中，表明本题与第一段有关。第一段提到墨泰尔时是说“美国玩具制造业巨头墨泰尔”，最后一段是说“墨泰尔的一位发言人充满激情地说……”。由此可知，墨泰尔应该是一家玩具制造企业的名称。[B]“是玩具制造商的名称”与文意符合，为正确答案。[A]“是一个创作芭比娃娃玩具的人”、[C]“是一个个体组织”和[D] “是一个妇女联谊会”都是对墨泰尔的错误推理，与文意不符。
5. C 主旨题。本题的问题是“本文的标题可能是 ”。文章第一段提到，芭比这个品牌已经成为世界上最有价值的玩具品牌，接着分析了导致这种吸引力的原因，随后的段落介绍了芭比的偶像地位，指出，她远不只是一个知名品牌，她是一种时尚宣言，是一种生活方式。这说明，本文主要是介绍芭比的吸引力以及偶像地位。[C]“芭比的吸引力与偶像地位”是对全文的概括，为正确答案。[A]“美国的芭比娃娃玩具”太笼统，不能恰当表达本文的主题;[B]“芭比的吸引力”和[D]“芭比，最有价值的玩具品牌”只是第一、二段的内容，比较片面，也不能表达本文的主题。Various accounts have traced the “Big Apple” expression to Depression-Era sidewalk apple vendors， a Harlem night club and a popular 1930s dance known as the “Big Apple.” One fanciful version even links the name with a notorious 19th-century procuress!
In fact， it was the jazz musicians of the 1930s and ‘40s who put the phrase into more or less general circulation. If a jazzman circa 1940 told you he had a gig in the “Big Apple，” you knew he had an engagement to play in the most coveted venue of all， Manhattan， where the audience was the biggest， hippest， and most appreciative in the country.
The older generation of jazzmen specifically credit Fletcher Henderson， one of the greatest of the early BigBand leaders and arrangers， with popularizing it， but such things are probably impossible to document. Be that as it may， the ultimate source actually was not the jazz world but the racetrack.
As Damon Runyon (among many others) cheerfully pointed out， New York in those days offered a betting man a lot of places to go broke. There were no fewer than four major tracks nearby， and it required no fewer than three racing journals to cover such a lively scene—The Daily Racing Form (which still survives on newsstands today) and The Running Horse and The New York Morning Telegraph (which do not)—and the ultimate credit for marrying New York to its durable catchphrase goes to columnist John J. FitzGerald who wrote for the Telegraph for over 20 years.
Despite its turf-related origins， by the 1930s and ‘40s， the phrase had become firmly linked to the city’s jazzscene. “Big Apple” was the name both of a popular night club at West 135th Street and Seventh Avenue in Harlem and a jitterbug-style group dance that originated in the South， became a huge phenomenon at Harlem‘s great Savoy Ballroom and rapidly spread across the country. (Neat cultural footnote： the great African-American cinema pioneer Oscar Micheaux liked to use the Big Apple as a venue for occasional screenings of his latest feature film or documentary.)
A film short called The Big Apple came out in 1938， with an all-Black cast featuring Herbert “Whitey” White‘s Lindy Hoppers， Harlem’s top ballroom dancers in the Swing Era. In a book published the same year， bandleader Cab Calloway used the phrase “Big Apple” to mean “the big town， the main stem， Harlem.” Anyonewho loved the city would have readily agreed with Jack FitzGerald： “There‘s only one Big Apple. That’s New York.”
The term had grown stale and was in fact generally forgotten by the 1970s. Then Charles Gillett， head of the New York Convention & Visitors Bureau， got the idea of reviving it. The agency was desperately trying to attract tourists to the town. Mayor John Lindsay had dubbed “Fun City，” but which had become better-known for its blackouts， strikes， street crime and occasional riots. What could be a more wholesome symbol of renewal than a plump red apple?
The city‘s industrial-strength campaign was launched toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971， complete with a cheerful Big Apple logo in innumerable forms (lapel pins， buttons， bumper stickers， refrigerator magnets， shopping bags， ashtrays， ties， tie tacks， “Big Apple” T-shirts， etc.)。
Apparently Gillett was on to something， because at this writing， over 35 years later， the campaign he launched—it won him a Tourism Achievement award in 1994， by the way—is still going strong.
1. Read the first paragraph and then choose the correct one.
[A] “Big Apple” is a name of New York.
[B] There are many reasons for the name “Big Apple”……
[C] People are likely to call New York City “Big Apple”
[D] The name “Big Apple” is a name of New York City in the history.
2. According to the author， what‘s the reason for the name “Big Apple”?
[A] He thought that the name “Big Apple” could not be traced as many people‘s saying.
[B] He thought that the name “Big Apple” was something about jazz musicians.
[C] He thought that initially the name “Big Apple”was a name for Manhattan， not for New York City.
[D] He thought that the name “Big Apple” was named by jazz musicians.
3. According to Cab Calloway‘s book， what’s the meaning of the phrase “Big Apple”?
[A] A name of club in his book.
[B] A name of drama mentioned in his book.
[C] It meant the big town， the main stem， Harlem.
[D] It was just a name and had no means.
4.How did they revive the name “Big Apple” by the 1970s?
[A] By announced a new slogan.
[B] By announce that a plump red apple is a symbol of health.
[C] By put an end to New York‘s occasional riots.
[D] By put an end to New York‘s street crimes.
5.What‘s the industrial-strength campaign’s effect which was launched toward the end of the Lindsay
administration in 1971?
[A] It led to a trend of widely used of the phrase “Big Apple”。
[B] It made the phrase “Big Apple” have new meanings.
[C] The campaign is good for the reviving of the name “Big City”。
[D] The campaign lead to the name‘s widely use which was good for its reviving.
[疑难长句翻译与注解]
1. Various accounts have traced…a popular 1930s dance known as the “Big Apple.”
[译文]关于大苹果这个称谓可以追述到很多来源，如有的说是大萧条时期人行道旁的苹果摊卖主，有的归因于黑人住宅区夜总会，以及在二十世纪三十年代流行的一种叫大苹果的舞蹈。
[注解]“Big Apple”是对纽约市的一种约定俗成的称呼，本文就是探讨该名字的由来。句中没有连词，只是用句式的逻辑表达了出来，我们在翻译的时候要把连词添上。
2. “which still survives on newsstands today”
[译文] 这份刊物现在还在发行。
[注解] 不能翻译成“今天依然活在报摊上”。应该意译。意思是说这份刊物现在还在发行，仍然存在。
3. The city‘s industrial-strength campaign… the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971.
[译文]城市的加强工业运动开始于1971年Lindsay 政府的任期将满之前。
[注解] “toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971”。的意思就是在 1971 年，Lindsay 政府任期将满之前。这里 toward the end 是 just before a particular time.
4.The older generation of jazzmen specifically … are probably impossible to document.
[译文]老一辈的爵士乐家们热衷于将其归功于早期大乐队最伟大的之一的 Fletcher Henderson， 他们认为是他使“大苹果”这个名字流行起来的，但却不大可能有东西证明这种事的存在。
[注解] jazzmen 在这里指爵士乐家，credit 除了有信任之意思外，还可以指“把……归功于……”。本句中credit 的意思就是后者。
5. The term had grown stale and was in fact generally forgotten by the 1970s.
[译文] 这种称谓逐渐变得了无新意，并于 20 世纪 70 年代被人们基本遗忘。
[注解] “The term”指代上文中提到的的大苹果的称谓。“stale”指“陈旧的、不新鲜的”，在这里译为了无新意。
参考答案：
1.[B]段意归纳题。本题的干扰项在 C 项。纽约市被称为大苹果是我们的常识，所以很多考生会选择这个选项。但陷阱往往就在这里。我们把这种陷阱称为“真理式陷阱”。该类干扰项的共同特点在于，孤立的看，这个选项挑不出任何毛病，而且往往能使我们联想起我们日常生活中的常识。但有至关重要的是该类选项在目标段落中没有被谈到，所以需要被排除。
2.[B]选项中 A 项讲的是上一段说的内容，因此不能选。C 项说大苹果最初是曼哈顿名字这点说的不正确。文中提到曼哈顿只是说它与我们的命名有关，但没说这名字给了曼哈顿了。D 项说作者认为大苹果这个名字是爵士乐音乐家给起的，也不正确。这个名字虽然与爵士乐家有关，但不是由爵士乐家们专门为纽约市取的名字。
3.[C]细节题。细读文章第六段即可找到答案。此类题只要准确定位到原文就可以顺利排除干扰项。
4.[B]C 和 D 项干扰意图明显，可以很容易被排除。A 项虽然没有错，但相对而言，B 项说得更具体些。
5.[D]该题的迷惑性在于如何区分几个相近选项。B 项是可以首先排除的。接下来看 A、C.从一定意义上说，A、C 都有道理。但根据选择方案法，我们发现，D 项说得面。所以，这里把 A、C 排除而选择 D.Al Hussein is 19. He is struggling to stay seated on top of a huge truck crossing the desert. He has been riding like that for hours， breathing dust， in an unbearable heat. He has left his home， his twin brother， and the rest of his family down South. Beyond the desert lies the sea， and maybe， if he is lucky a boat to Europe where he hopes to get a job， to start a new life， and to send money to his village.
Al Hussein is hardly alone in his perilous trek. Some 150 million men， women and even children， about three percent of the world‘s population， are outside their country of origin coming as strangers to the country where they reside. There is no continent， no region of the world which has no migrants within its boundaries. Every country has become a country of origin， transit or destination of migrants. Many are all three. More than half of international migrants live in developing countries. According to the International Organization for Migration， the
largest numbers of international migrants are located in Asia; Europe and North America have about equal numbers followed by Africa， Latin America， and Oceania with progressively fewer numbers. The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that up to 80 million of these are migrant workers. In 1997， ILO estimated that the number of migrant workers was as follows： Africa， 20 Million; North America， 17 million; Central andSouth America 12 million; Asia 7 million; the Middle East (Arab countries)， 9 million， and Europe 30 million.
Migration is hardly a recent or localized phenomenon. Women and men have been leaving their homelands in search of a better job. People also leave their own countries because of civil conflicts and insecurity or persecution. However， in this globalized world， we are witnessing unprecedentedly high labor mobility and an increasing pressure of migration. Gareth Howell， International Labor Organization representative to the United Nations， points out that “the increasing restrictions on immigration leads to increased trafficking of migrants often with tragic personal consequences.”
Women and children account for more than half of the refugees， and their proportion are increasing in the case of other categories of migrants. 96 percent of children who work and sleep in the street are migrants，about half of them girls aged between 8 and 14. Migrants are a particularly vulnerable group and see their rights routinely violated， not only as workers， but as human beings. They commonly face discrimination and xenophobic hostility. According to the International Organization for migration (IOM) migrants “are more and more targeted as the scapegoats for all manner of domestic problems facing societies today， particularly unemployment， crime， drugs， even terrorism.” As noted by Ms Gabriela Rodriguez Pizarro， United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants “This is especially true in the case of the many migrants who are undocumented or in an irregular situation， including the victims of trafficking in persons， who are the most vulnerable to human rights violations.” According to the UN， between 300，000 and 600，000 women are smuggled each year into the European Union and certain Central European countries. The problem is also widespread in Africa and Latin America.
Reading Comprehension
1.Which of the following is not mentioned in the first paragraph?
[A] Al Hussein was going abroad for work.
[B] The work that Al Hussein intended to do was very hard.
[C] Al Hussein was so young.
[D] Al Hussein wanted to start a new life.
2.What‘s the most suitable title for the article?
[A] Working Far From Home?
[B] Migration and Discrimination.
[C] To go abroad.
[D]Problems about migration.
3.Read the third paragraph and find out which one was not true.
[A] Migration is a phenomenon which exist for a long time.
[B] Migration is not a localized phenomenon.
[C] Migration is localized but not a recent phenomenon.
[D] Globalized world has high labor mobility.
4.Which of the following is true?
[A] Women required for their human rights.
[B] Children account for 96 percent of migrants.
[C] Half of the female migrants aged between 8 and 14.
[D] Male adults account for less than half of the refugees.
5.What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about?
[A]The problems of migrants are increasing
[B] Migration need to face discrimination， and there human rights are vulnerable.
[C] Migration need more of human rights.
[D] Most women are smuggled each year.
答案与题解：
1.[B]
细节题。A、C、D项在文中都有提及，B项是干扰项，作者说Al Hussein前进的路上会充满艰难，但没说他要从事的工作是一项困难的工作。
2.[B]
主旨题。本题需要把握全文主旨。通观全篇会发现，本文重点在于讲述移民以及对移民的歧视等社会问题。所以选择B。
3.[C]
这道题重点在于区分前三个选项。见文章第三段第一句话，"Migration is hardly a recent or localized phenomenon."这里面的"hardly"是几乎不的意思。如果忽视了这个词则会对全句的理解造成偏差。
4.[D]
细节推理题。见文章第四段，上面说，妇女和儿童占移民总人数的一半以上，那么成年男性占移民人数的不到百分之五十，所以D正确。
5.[B]
段意归纳题。读完该段可以发现本段讲了两个问题，一个是移民遭受歧视，另一个是移民的****问题得不到保障。综合这两点考虑，该题选B。We now must address two questions:
Firstly，where on Earth is the population problem the worst?
It is my opinion that the world's worst population problem is right here in the United States. This is because of our high per capita resource consumption. It has been estimated that a person added to the population of the United States will have 30 or more times the impact on world resources as will a person added to the population of an underdeveloped nation. Indeed, resource consumption in North America is roughly the same as resource consumption in the entire rest of the world.
Secondly，where should we apply our efforts to have the most beneficial effect in helping to solve the population problem?
The answer is, right here in the U.S..
For many people, the population problem is a problem of "those people" in distant undeveloped countries. In early 1997, many people successfully lobbied Congress to restore family planning assistance in the U.S. foreign aid programs. This was a great victory, but it treats "those people" as though they were the big problem.
Unchecked population growth in the Third World means depletion of water resources. It means famine. It means suffering. It pushes populations to clear rainforests. It pushes populations to go out and graze on land that cannot sustain cattle, and that leads to expansion of deserts worldwide. We all have a stake in the global environment.
It is so easy to blame the problem on others and to identify what other people should do to solve the problem, while we ignore our own responsibilities and avoid doing anything to reduce the population problem in the U.S.. We need to work to stop population growth in the U.S..
There are two sources that contribute approximately equally to population growth in the U.S.: the excess of births over deaths, and immigration. Both of these must be addressed.
Let's compare three aspects of efforts to stop population growth in other countries with efforts to stop population growth in the United States.
1) When we give family planning assistance to other countries, we are dealing with countries over which we have no legal jurisdiction and where we have little or no immediate political responsibility.
When we confront population growth in the United States, we are dealing with a country where we as citizens have full and complete jurisdiction, and where we have political and family responsibilities. It should be much easier to solve our problem than it is to solve other peoples' problems.
2) The negative effects of runaway population growth in an underdeveloped country are generally felt only in that country and in its immediate neighbors.
The negative effects of population growth in the U.S. are felt throughout the entire world, because of our enormous per capita consumption of resources. Indeed, one of the aims of the many free-trade agreements about which we currently hear so much, is to open up the world's resources for consumption by consumers in the U.S..
3) In countries receiving family planning assistance from the U.S. there will always be individuals who will claim that this assistance is a form of "genocide." They will be strengthened in this belief if we in the U.S. fail to take steps to halt our own population growth. As Tim Wirth of the U.S. Department of State has said, the best thing that we in the U.S. can do to help other countries stop their population growth, is to set an example and stop our own population growth.
As you think about addressing the problem of population growth in the U.S., please ponder this challenge:
Can you think of any problem, on any scale, from microscopic to global, whose long-term solution is in any demonstrable way, aided, assisted, or advanced, by having continued population growth at the local level, the state level, the national level, or globally?
So we can see that Pogo was right:
"We've met the enemy, and they're us!"
1.What did the author mainly talk about?
[A] The population problem in the world.
[B] The population condition in the western world.
[C] The population problem in Europe.
[D] The population problem in the U.S.
2. According to the author， which place should solve the population proplem?
[A] The US
[B] Europe
[C] Underdeveloped countries
[D] The Third World
3. What did the Congressman think about the population problem?
[A] He thought that the problem was worst in America.
[B] He thought that the problem caused many other problems in the world.
[C] He thought that the problem cannot be solved easily.
[D] He thought that the problem in the Third World was to be blamed.
4. Why are the negative effects of population growth in the U.S. felt throughout the entire world?
[A] Because people around the world are all concerned about it.
[B] Because per capita consumption of resources in America is enormous.
[C] Because the U.S. is the most powerful country in the world.
[D] Because the U.S .has great influence on other countries.
5. Which is one of the reasons for the Americans to pay attention to their population problem?
[A] Because some people always claim that the American assistance for family planning in other countries is a form of "genocide".
[B] Because there are too many migrants nowadays.
[C] Because once the population is too large, the American government will adopt unfavorable policies to limit migrants' coming to it.
[D] Because America is now facing a lot of problems.
[疑难长句翻译与注解]
1.where should we apply our …effect in helping to solve the population problem?
[译文]我们应当从哪方面入手下功夫去寻求最有效的方法来解决人口问题?
[注解]该句是倒装句，译成汉语时要把语序调整过来。
2.For many people， the of those people in distant undeveloped countries.
[译文]对于许多人来说，人口问题只是那些遥远的不发达国家才会面临的问题。
[注解]这句话是一个引子，作者的目的是用它表明错误的观念，用以引出自己的见解。“in distant undeveloped countries”是用来修饰“those people”的。
3.In early 1997， many people successfully …as though they were the big problem.
[译文] 在 1997 年早期，很多人成功地说服国会恢复了对外计划生育援助计划，这是一个巨大的胜利，但这使得“那些人”(的问题)好像已经是大问题了似的。
[注解]“family planning”是计划生育的意思。
4.It is so easy to blame the problem on others… and avoid doing anything to reduce the population problem in the U.S.
[译文]解决问题时只是把问题归罪给他人，考虑别人应该怎样做这很容易，但与此同时，我们忽视了我们自己的责任，没有自己做出行动来减少美国的人口问题。
[ 注 解] “ blame the problem on others ” 这 个 短 语 在 文 中 是 指 把 问 题 归 罪 于 别 人 .“ ignore our own responsibilities”是指忽视我们自己的责任。
5.The negative effects of …per capita consumption of resources.
[译文]全世界都感受到了美国人口增长所带来的负面影响，因为我们的资源要按人口品均消费量来计算。
[注解]该句话言外之意是说美国如果人口增长，那么这批增长了的人口将会消耗新的自然资源。而世界自然资源则是有限的。
参考答案：
1. [D]文章开篇就提出了问题：全世界什么地方人口问题最为严峻?然后作者陈述了自己的观点，在他看来，美国是人口问题最严重的国家，因为在全国范围内出生率与高于死亡率，并且近几十年来大量移民涌入美国。后文通篇都在论述作者的这一观点，因此选 D 项。
2. [A]仔细阅读文章第四、第五段，就能理解题意，找出正确答案。
3. [D]文章中的第六段和第七段都在讲大多数人在提到人口问题是都将其归究于发展中和不发达的第三世界国家，就如同一位有代表性的国会议员讲的话那样，第三世界国家的人口问题导致了水资源的过度消耗，饥荒，灾难等等问题。因此 D 项为正确选项。
4. [B]此题是细节题，根据文中第六段所体现的相关信息，就不难作出正确判断了。
5. [A]文章倒数第五段指出，美国在帮助其他一些国家搞人口控制、计划生育时，总有人会说这是美国的一种“有计划的灭绝和屠杀”政策。因此，如果美国自己不在控制人口增长的问题上做出榜样的话，那些认为美国有屠杀他国人的动机的观点就会得到证实。这是美国需要注意其人口问题的原因之一。因此选 A 项。Europe is often one of the first places people think of when racism is discussed. From the institutionalized racism， especially in colonial times， when racial beliefs—even eugenics—were not considered something wrong， to recent times where the effects of neo-Nazism is still felt. Europe is a complex area with many cultures in a relatively small area of land that has seen many conflicts throughout history. (Note that most of these conflicts have had trade and resource access at their core， but national identities have often added fuel to some of these conflicts.)
Racism has also been used to justify exploitation， even using “pseudo-science”。
Debates over the origins of racism often suffer from a lack of clarity over the term. Many conflate recent forms of racism with earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict. In most cases ethnic-national conflict seems to owe to conflict over land and strategic resources. In some cases ethnicity and nationalism were harnessed to wars between great religious empires (for example， the Muslim Turks and the Catholic Austro-Hungarians)。 As Benedict Anderson has suggested in Imagined Communities， ethnic identity and ethno-nationalism became a source of conflict within such empires with the rise of print-capitalism.
In its modern form， racism evolved in tandem with European exploration and conquest of much of the rest of the world， and especially after Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. As new peoples were encountered， fought， and ultimately subdued， theories about “race” began to develop， and these helped many to justify the differences in position and treatment of people whom they categorized as belonging to different races.
Another possible source of racism is the misunderstanding of Charles Darwin‘s theories of evolution. Some took Darwin’s theories to imply that since some “races” were more civilized， there must be a biological basis for the difference. At the same time they appealed to biological theories of moral and intellectual traits to justify racial oppression. There is a great deal of controversy about race and intelligence， in part because the concepts of both race and IQ are themselves controversies.
A short review from the Inter Press Service highlights the rise of neo-Nazism in 2000 in Europe and suggests that “far from being a fringe activity， racism， violence and neo-nationalism have become normal in some communities. The problems need to be tackled much earlier， in schools and with social programs.”
Ethnic minorities and different cultures in one country can often be used as a scapegoat for the majority during times of economic crisis. That is one reason why Nazism became so popular.
In France， May 2002， the success of far right politician Le Pen in the run for leadership (though he lost out in the end) sent a huge shockwave throughout Europe， about how easy it was for far right parties to come close to getting power if there is complacency in the democratic processes and if participation is reduced.
In various places throughout Western Europe， in 2002， as Amnesty International highlights， there has been a rise in racist attacks and sentiments against both Arabs and Jews， in light of the increasing hostilities in the Middle East.
In 1997， Human Rights Watch noted that，“The U.K. has one of the highest levels of racially-motivated violence and harassment in Western Europe， and the problem is getting worse.” In April 1999， London saw two bombs explode in predominantly ethnic minority areas where a Nazi group has claimed responsibility. The summer of 2001 saw many race-related riots in various parts of northern England.
Greece has one of the worst records in the European Union for racism against ethnic minorities， according to the BBC. Anti-immigrant sentiment has long been high， especially against ethnic Albanians， who form the largest minority. Until the 1990s， the BBC notes， Greece had been an extremely homogenous society. With the fall of communism many immigrants from Eastern Europe came to Greece. Albanians especially have been targeted by a lot of racist sentiment. Some hostage taking by a few Albanians in recent years has not helped the situation.
1. What does the author mainly talk about?
[A] Racism in the world.
[B] Racism in the western world.
[C] Racism in Europe.
[D] Racism in the countries other than the western world.
2. When did the theories about race begin to develop?
[A] After “the New World” was discovered.
[B] After the USA was established.
[C] Before the First World War.
[D] During the colonial times.
3. According to the author what is the second possible source of racism?
[A] The colonial people began to be ultimately subdued.
[B] The misunderstanding of Darwinism.
[C] The development of human beings.
[D] None of the above.
4. One of the reasons that Nazism became very popular is that .
[A] ethnic minorities have small impact in the whole world
[B] various cultures cannot so-exist harmoniously
[C] ethnic minorities and different cultures are used as a scapegoat for the majority during times of economic crisis
[D] none of the above
5. Which country in the EU has the worst record for racism against ethnic minorities?
[A] The United Kingdom
[B] Greece
[C] Albania
[D] Australia
[疑难长句翻译与注解]
1. Europe is often one of the first places people think of when racism is discussed.
[译文]当讨论到种族主义问题时，欧洲通常是第一个被想到的地方。
[注解]本文讲述关于种族与冲突，开篇第一句目的是确定文章的基调。本句虽短，但翻译时两处调整了语序值得学习，第一翻强调句式时有时需调整语序，原句为了强调欧洲冲突之多，将“Europe”提到了句首，
但翻译时为符合汉语习惯需要作出调整。第二翻被动语态时往往需要调整语序，racism is discussed“是被动语态，尽管有时被动语态需要译出被动的意思来但在这里就不能翻作种族主义被讨论，要符合汉语习惯在这里就需要作语序上的调整。
2.Europe is a complex area with many …many conflicts throughout history.
[译文]欧洲是一个复杂的地区，它有着许多不同的文化，但其土地面积却相对较小，并且自古以来在这片土地上有过无数的矛盾与冲突。
[注解]“many conflicts throughout history”指的是在历充满着冲突。
3. Debates over the origins …earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict.
[译文]关于种族主义起源问题的争论经常会面临缺乏相关透明度的问题。新近的很多冲突已经成为一种包含了早期种族歧视和民族主义的混合形态产物。
[注解] suffer 是遭受的意思，而且通常遭受的都是坏的事情。这里在翻译的时候，没有直译。
4.Note that most of these conflicts have…… identities have often added fuel to some of these conflicts.
[译文]注意到大部分此类冲突可以追述到它们的核心原因。但种族认同问题经常会给这些矛盾火上浇油。
[注解] “add fuel”是火上浇油的意思。
5.Another possible source of racism is the misunderstanding of Charles Darwin‘s theories of evolution.
[译文]种族歧视的另一个可能的原因是对达尔文的进化论的误解。
[注解]该句中的 Charles Darwin 是英国博物学家，进化论的创立者。racism 是名词，意思是种族主义者。
参考答案：
1.[C] 通读全文，可以总结出作者主要是在讨论欧洲的种族歧视问题。第一段的第一句就给全文大意做了个总结。
2.[A] “新世界”就是指哥伦布发现美洲大陆的时候所用的名字，文章中明确指出了实在这一事件之后，“种
族“这一观念开始产生了。因此正确选项为 A.
3. [B] 作者在谈到种族主义的起源时说到，另一种可能的来源是对达尔文的进化论的误解。解答此题注意文中细节。
4. [C] 这是一道细节题，根据原文不难看出，一个国家的少数民族和非主流文化往往被大多数人用来作为经济危
机时期的牺牲品。因此 C 为正确选项。
5. [B] 文章最后一段指出，希腊是欧盟国家中对少数民族持有种族偏见最严重的国家之一。由此不难看出，正确
选项应该为 B.Pennsylvania‘s colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrial and political I implications.The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing.However，England wanted all of the line colonies’rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories，and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods.England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products，but by 1771，when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania，iron making had become the backbone of American industry.It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies.By the time the war of independence broke out in 1776， Bird， angered and determined， was manufactureing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.
After the War，Hopewell，along with hundreds of other“iron plantations”，continued to form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century.The tufa/landscape became dotted with tall i
stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke，charcoal—fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal SO crucial to the nation‘s growth.Generations of ironmasters，craftspeople，and workers produced goods during war and peace——ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast—iron stoves，pots，and sash weights for windows.
The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production：a wealth of iron ore near the surface，limestone for removing impurities from the iron，hardwood forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel，rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires，and workers to supply the labor.By the 1 830s，Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast—iron stoves，for which there was a steady market.As Pennsylvania added more links to its transportation system of roads，canals，and railroads，it became easier to ship parts made by HopeweU workers to sites all over the east coast.There they were assembled into stoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the“Hopewell stove”。By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1 883， the community had produced some 80，000 cast-iron stoves.
1. It can be inferred that the purpose ofthe legislation passed by England in 1 750 was to——。
[A]reduce the price of English—made iron goods sold in the colonies
[B]prevent the outbreak of the war of Independence
[C]require colonists to buy manufactured goods from England
[D]keep the colonies from establishing new markets for their raw materials
2. The author compares iron furnaces to which ofthe following?
[A]Cannons. [B]Pyramids.
[C]Pots. [D]Windows.
3. The word“blasts”in(Line 3，Para.3)is closest in meaning to .
[A]eruption [B]gust
[C]roar [D]dynamite
4. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for the following reason that————————。
[A]many workers were available in the area
[B] the center ofoperations ofthe army was nearby
[C]che deep—embedded metal ore was easy to acquire
[D]there was an abundance ofcoal
5. The passage mentions“roads，canals，and railroads”in order to explain that——。
[A]improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks
[B]iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation
[C]me transportation system ofPennsylvania was superior to that of other states
[D]Hopewell never became a major transportation center
阅读小帮手
Raw adj.未加工的 legislation n.立法 entrepreneur n.企业家
blast n.(一阵)疾风 plantation n.耕地 foundation n.基础
rural adj.咖乡下的 versatile adj.多用途的 crucial adj.至关紧要的
domestic adj.家用的pump v.注入 reputation n.名声
assemble v.装配，组合 stoven n.炉
难句点津
By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1 776，Bird，angered and determined，was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.
[点津]该句包含一个时间状语从句，句子的主干是Bird was manufacturing cannons and shot. by…为整句的时间状语，其中thetime与thewar…是同位语;angered and determined为插入语，用于修饰Bird;at Hopewell为shot的地点状语;to be used by…为Hopewell的后置定语。
全文翻译
宾夕法尼亚的殖民铸铁者们在铸铁的同时发起了一场具有工业和政治双重意义的革命。北美的殖民者想要拥有获取自己制造产品所创造的利润的权利。但是，英国却想占有沿线殖民地所有丰富的矿石和原材料以供给自己的工厂，还想让这些殖民地成为其成品市场。1750年，英国通过了一项法规禁止殖民者制造铁制成品。但是到了1771年，当企业家马克。伯德在宾夕法尼亚建立起霍普韦尔鼓风炉时，制铁业就成为了美国工业的支柱，同时也成为了导致英国与其殖民地之间革命性破裂的主要事件之一。1776年，独立战争爆发之时，伯德愤怒而坚决地在霍普韦尔为大陆军制造大炮和炮弹。
战争过后，霍普韦尔同其他数百家制铁厂一道，直到19世纪都在持续为这个新国家奠定工业基础。乡村密布着冒出火焰与烟雾的高大石塔以及以木炭为燃料的生产着对国家发展极为重要的多功能金属的高炉。一代代铸铁者、工匠和工人在战争与和平年代制造商品，从大炮和炮弹到诸如铸铁炉、锅以及窗户吊锤之类的家用产品。
霍普韦尔的周边地区拥有制铁所需的一切：埋藏浅的丰富的铁矿石、去除铁中杂质的石灰石、提供木炭燃料的硬木森林、推动风箱向炉火鼓风的湍急的河水，以及提供劳动力的工人。到了19世纪30年代，霍普韦尔因生产高质量的铸铁炉而名声大振，这种火炉拥有稳定的市场。随着宾夕法尼亚州的公路、运河以及铁路运输系统线路的增加，将霍普韦尔工人制造的零件运至整个东海岸就变得更加容易了。在那里，这些零件被组装成火炉，作为“霍普-t，尔火炉”销往从罗得岛到马里兰的各地。到1883年霍普韦尔制铁厂熄灭最后的炉火之时，该团体已经生产出了大约8万个铸铁炉。
答案解析
1.C推断题。根据题干关键词the legislation passed by England in 1750定位文章第一段。该段前部 分提到英国不仅需要殖民地的矿石和原材料以满足工厂的需要，还想让殖民地成为产品倾 销市场，很显然英国人在1750年通过法案，阻止殖民者制造铁制成品，其目的就在于防止殖民地形成本地生产市场，从而不再从英国购买产品。结合选项可知，只有C“要求殖民者购买 来自英国的制造品”与原文意思一致，故为答案。
2.B细节题。根
