托福听力这些常见教材如何使用

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托福听力用词太专业学术?5种记忆方法助你背熟难词

方法一：重复记忆法

同学们都会有这样的感受，单词背完之后下次再看见它又不认识了，因此非常的苦恼感觉自己好像很笨，记不住单词，其实这是背单词的方法出了问题。

建议同学们：假设每天60分钟背单词，45分钟的时间用来记忆新单词，剩下的15分钟时间用来复习之前背过的单词和当天记忆的单词，并且一定要坚持每天复习，8-14次复习后，才能达到好的记忆效果。

方法二：词根词缀法

1.词缀

当同学们的单词有了一定的积累，就会发现英语单词非常的可爱，有自己的“偏旁部首”，它的“偏旁部首”就是它的词缀，下面Flora老师举一些常见例子来说明：

re- 表示 again

submit: 提交 resubmit：再次提交

view: 看 review：再看一次 复习

de- 表示变少，变坏

compose：组成 decompose 分解

mean：意思是 demean：贬低

2.词根

词根是什么?词根是一个单词的根本部分，是一个单词的核心。单词的意义就是由词根的意义而产生，如vis表示看，所以visible就是看得见的，下面的例子可以更详细的表明此方法的妙用：

pos = put 放置

expose：揭露 【ex表示外面，pos表放置，所以放在外面就是揭露出来】

compose：组成 【com-表示一起，pos表放置，所以放在一起就是组成】

dispose：配置【dis-表示分开，pos表放置，所以分开放置就是配置安排】

oppose：反抗【op-表示相反，pos表放置，所以放在相反位置就是反抗】

方法三：同义词反义词

解决单词记住又忘记，还有一个巧妙的方法就是同义词反义词，把这些单词按照意思分类。并且可以同义反义对比着记忆，比如：

表示美好的单词：handsome，gorgeous，attractive，stunning，elegant，etc

表示聪明的单词：quick-witted，intelligent，smart，wise，diplomatic，etc

表示懒笨的单词：dumb，stupid，ridiculous，foolish，silly，idle，etc

方法四：谐音联想法

pest：害虫【拍死它，害虫要拍死它】

ambulance：救护车【俺不想死，所以救护车来了】

maid: 少女【美的，少女很美】

方法五：学科分类法

研究表明，在记忆事物的时候，将事物分类去记忆，可以达到事半功倍的效果，由于听力涉及各种专业学科，词汇五花八门，建议同学们在记忆的时候，按照学科去分类记忆，如：

关于地质的单词：insular 海岛，oasis绿洲，meridian 子午线，volcano 火山，lava 熔岩

关于艺术地单词：rehearsal 彩排，repertoire 全部节目，debut 首次演出，protagonist 主角

关于生物的单词：amphibian 两栖动物，mammal 哺乳动物，reptile 爬行动物

2020托福听力练习：节能引擎喷射黑碳

If you've gone shopping for a car lately, you might have noticed that fuel economy—the number of miles per gallon—is slowly creeping up. One reason is a more efficient type of fuel injection, called gas direct injection. It's a feature of half the new cars sold in the U.S. last year.

"With that kind of engine design you can also introduce turbocharging—that's really what it comes down to: more engine power with a smaller engine." Naomi Zimmerman, an air-quality scientist at Carnegie Mellon University—who has, by the way, never owned a car. "Probably because I did a whole PhD on engine emissions."

Here's how the two injection methods differ. In the old standard, called "port fuel injection," gas is injected into the air intake, where it mixes with air before hitting the cylinder. In direct injection though, as the name implies, the fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. It's more fuel efficient, meaning lower CO2 emissions, which will help slow climate change. But here is a paradox, it also emits more particulate matter, including black carbon, or soot—a pollutant implicated in global warming.

Zimmerman and her colleagues analyzed studies of direct injection engines to see how this pollution tradeoff works out for the climate. "The answer is that it's really complicated and it's not certain." But on average, she says, boosting fuel economy five to nine percent would probably cancel out the warming effects of black soot, and score a net positive for the climate. The findings are in the journal Environmental Science and Technology.

The fuel economy goal might be different in places with big temperature swings, and where gasoline has more aromatic compounds—which seem to boost black carbon emissions. One place that fits the bill: Canada. "There we might need to be closer to the 10 percent, 15 percent mark in terms of improving fuel economy. Which is actually a very aggressive increase in fuel economy."

She says one solution that might reduce black carbon emissions is gasoline particulate filters. Which would also screen out particulate matter dangerous to human health. Meaning a win for the planet—and the people who live on it.

如果你最近买了一辆车，你可能已经注意到燃油经济，也就是每加仑行驶的总英里数正在悄然上升。原因之一在于燃油喷射装置的效率更高，这被称为缸内直接喷射技术。去年美国出售的新车中，有一半车辆都具有这个特征。

“这种引擎设计也可以引进涡轮增压，这才是真正的原因：更小的引擎，更大的发动机功率。”娜奥米·齐默尔曼是卡内基梅隆大学的空气质量科学家，她从未买过汽车。“可能是因为我在博士研究生阶段对发动机排放进行了整体研究。”

下面说明一下这两种喷射方式的不同之处。按照旧标准，车辆使用的是进气道燃油喷射技术，将气体注入进气口，在冲击汽缸之前与空气混合。而缸内直接喷射，顾名思义，就是直接式燃料喷射，将燃料直接注入汽缸。这种方法更省油，二氧化碳排放量更少，这将有助于减缓气候变化。但是，与此相矛盾的是，这种方法会喷射出更多的颗粒物，包括黑碳或煤灰等与全球变暖有关的污染物。

齐默尔曼和同事对直接喷射式发动机进行了研究分析，以查明这种污染均衡怎样解决气候问题。“答案是，这种方法非法复杂，目前还不能确定。”不过她表示，总体来说，将燃油经济性由5%提高到9%，可能会抵消黑炭的暖化效应，这对气候是有益的。该项研究结果发表在《环境科学与技术》杂志上。

燃油经济性目标可能在那些温度波动较大、汽油中含有更多芳香化合物的地方会有所不同，这似乎促进了黑碳排放。有一个地方刚好符合要求，这个地方就是加拿大。“在这里，就改善燃油经济性而言，我们可能需要将其提高至10%，甚至是15%。这确实是燃油经济性的大幅提高。”

她表示，汽油颗粒过滤器可能是减少黑碳排放的解决方法。该过滤器还可以筛选出危害人类健康的颗粒物。这意味着，这个星球以及生活在这个星球上的人们赢得了胜利。

2020托福听力练习：美国政府拟用无人机发射疫苗保护濒危雪貂

A recent headline on the Web site theverge.com got a lot of attention on social media. Because each new phrase seemed to take the message in an unexpected direction. The headline read: U.S. government plans to use drones to fire vaccine-laced M&Ms near endangered ferrets.

Some background. Black-footed ferrets have been on the endangered species list since 1967. Only about 300 were known to be alive in the wild at the end of 2015. They tend to live in the Great Plains and the West. Because they love to eat prairie dogs, which tend to live in the Great Plains and the West. Unfortunately, prairie dogs often harbor fleas, and fleas can carry the plague. Yup, that plague, the so-called Black Death that killed millions in Europe in the 14th century.

So ferrets suffer when fleas cause a plague outbreak in prairie dogs, either because the ferrets also catch the disease or because the prairie dogs die and the ferrets go hungry. Officials have tried vaccinating individual ferrets and they've tried treating prairie-dog burrows with flea-killer. But neither method is particularly efficient.

And so the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is preparing a study for September in the UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge in Montana. The viral headline was incorrect about the M&Ms, but otherwise, yes, aerial drones will shoot vaccine-laced pellets designed to be irresistible to prairie dogs. The drone delivery system should quickly spread the vaccine-carrying goodies over a wide area so that lots of prairie dogs gobble them up—thus making the prairie dogs available to be gobbled up, safely, by the endangered ferrets.

And so everybody wins. Except for the prairie dogs that get eaten. And the Yersinia pestis bacteria that cause plague. Well, that's it for me, I've droned on long enough.

Theverge.com网站最近的一条标题引起很多社交媒体的关注。原因是每一个新短语都好像将这条信息引往了一个意想不到的方向。标题写着：美国政府计划用无人机向濒危雪貂栖息地发射带有疫苗的M&Ms糖果。

背景介绍：黑足雪貂在1967年被列入濒危物种名单。截至2015年底，现存的野生黑足雪貂只有300只左右。黑足雪貂喜欢生活在美国大平原和美国西部地区。这是因为它们喜欢吃的草原犬鼠生活在美国大平原和西部地区。不幸的是，草原犬鼠通常会滋生跳蚤，并且跳蚤可能带有鼠疫。没错，被称为“黑死病”的鼠疫在14世纪导致欧洲数百万人死亡。

因此，当跳蚤导致鼠疫袭击草原犬鼠时，雪貂也会受到牵连，要么是因为雪貂也会染上鼠疫，要么是因为草原犬鼠的死亡导致雪貂挨饿。官员曾尝试给雪貂接种疫苗，也曾尝试往草原犬鼠的洞穴里喷洒杀蚤剂。但这两种方法都不是特别有效。

所以，美国鱼类和野生动物局正在为一项研究做准备，该研究将于9月在蒙大拿州国家野生动物保护区启动。那条轰动标题中有关M&Ms的部分是不正确的，不过除此以外，无人机的确将发射带有疫苗的糖果，这种糖果被设计成使草原犬鼠无法抗拒的美味。无人机输送系统应在广泛区域迅速播撒带有疫苗的糖果，让大量草原犬鼠食用，进而让濒危雪貂可以安全地捕食草原犬鼠。

这样大家都是赢家。当然，除了被吃掉的草原犬鼠和引发鼠疫的鼠疫耶尔森氏杆菌。好了，就是这些了，我已经讲了很长时间了。

重点讲解：

1. either...or... (表示在两者或多者中择其一)或者，要么;

例句：Either we will find a supply, or we will make the goods.

我们或是寻求供货，或者自己制造。

2. go hungry 挨饿;吃不饱;

例句：Leonidas' family had been poor, he went hungry for years.

利奥尼达斯家曾经很穷，他有很多年都吃不饱肚子。

3. gobble up 贪婪地吃;狼吞虎咽;

例句：There were dangerous beasts in the river that might gobble you up.

河里有吃人的危险动物。

4. except for 除了;除…之外;唯有;

例句：Smith is a good man, except for his bad temper.

史密斯除了脾气不好外，是个好人。

5. drone on (人)絮絮叨叨地说，喋喋不休地说;

例句：Aunt Maimie's voice droned on.

梅米姨妈喋喋不休地说着。