托福听力讲座lecture信息量太大记不过来

对于托福考试来说，听力成绩的好坏直接关系到考生总分是否能够冲刺到100+。今天小编给大家带来托福听力轻松提分备考要诀逐一指点，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

【高分经验】托福听力轻松提分备考要诀逐一指点

提升边听边做笔记的效率

在托福听力进行中，材料是只读一遍的，而且在有些题目中，考生只有在材料播放完之后才能看到题目。正因如此，考生在听的过程中做好笔记就成为了一个非常重要的环节。在记录笔记的过程中，大家要做到条理清晰、书写尽量工整、提倡使用一些自己惯用的缩写和图形来表达，提高记笔记的效率，并能够为答题时候高效准确地提取信息打下良好的基础。而只有这样，大家在看到了题目后，才能根据之前所记录的笔记，有条理地分析出最终答案。如果对听力材料的内容理解不是特别充分，或者对可能考查的重点及细节把握不够，都会造成听完材料之后却对题目不知如何着手，这就要求大家在听材料的过程中，除去对材料本身的理解把握及记录之外，还应该注意对话中谈话双方对所谈论内容的观点及态度，从而从整体上感知材料，形成对材料的整体的全面的把握。

把握听写节奏步调

在托福听力备考过程中，听写练习是一个非常重要的环节。而小编建议大家，对于听写练习的开展可以在有了一定听力基础后再正式开始。这么做的原因很简单，听力基础较好的同学可以完全把握好听和写的节奏，在记录“写”的内容时，也可以同时把握好“听”的同步进行，不会有相互博弈的问题产生。很多同学听写中常会自己跟自己打架，顾着听就来不及写，专心写又没听清后面说的内容，结果听也没听懂，记录也乱七八糟自己都看不懂。想要避免这种问题，考生一定要练好听与写之间的平衡和节奏感。

发现自身薄弱问题

在听力练习完成之后，考生也不能简单地核对答案就觉得万事大吉。大家最好在核对答案的同时做好记录，查看一下自己有没有在同类问题或者相似内容出现反复错误的情况，通过对比发现可能存在的一些薄弱环节和高频盲区，及时调整之后的训练目标，有针对性地迅速搞定弱点问题，让自己的练习能有真正的快速提升。

纠正读音问题

有些考生可能会觉得，读音和听力有什么关系。实际上，不标准的发音不仅会影响到大家的口语考试，对于听力同样也是有损害的。明明标准发音是那样，考生自身认知的发音却有所差异，到了听力考试中就容易出现明明听到但听不懂的情况。实际上，因为发音问题导致自己听不懂标准考试听力发音的情况并不少见。而托福考试作为一门英语能力综合测试，各个题型之间所需求的英语能力其实也是相互关联的，纠正了读音问题，不仅会直接让各位的口语能力得到提升，也会让听力间接受益。因此，纠正读音问题对于听力来说也是必不可少的。

2020托福听力练习：珊瑚漂白现象阻碍鱼类学习躲避捕食者

In April the world learned that more than 90 percent of Australia's Great Barrier Reef had become bleached. That is, warming waters or other conditions cause the algae living in the coral to exit, leaving the coral weak. It's a bleak statistic, because it's reasonable to assume that as the corals themselves suffer, the entire ecosystem they support suffers as well.

For example, a study finds that bleaching hinders fish from learning to avoid predators.

Imagine you're a fish, and suddenly one of your friends meets its unfortunate end in the jaws of a predator.

"We found that these animals actually have this really sophisticated way of learning, which involves the linking of chemical alarm cues, which are damage-released cues from conspecifics, and any other smell or even the sight of anything novel... sort of a Pavlov's dog-type scenario."

James Cook University marine scientist Mark McCormick. He and his team found that this learning process breaks down when the coral becomes bleached. Instead of hosting algae within, the bleached coral becomes blanketed by algae.

"We've used little patches of live coral and little patches of dead and degrading coral, which have similar topographic complexity, and what we've done is we put those little patches within a bed of either live coral or dead and degraded coral."

Onto each patch, the researchers deposited a small, naive reef dweller called a damselfish. They wanted to see how the health of the reef influenced the fish’s ability to learn to avoid the odor of a predator called the dusky dottyback. And they found that the presence of degraded coral—even if surrounded by a healthy reef—entirely disrupted that learning mechanism.

"It touches on a really big issue, to some extent a really global issue. So, even though this is actually dealing with a relatively small aquarium fish, it's got life history traits that are very similar to virtually all of the other marine organisms."

So, is there anything that can be done to help the world's reefs and their inhabitants?

"These communities are going to have to try and rebuild, and they have really effective mechanisms whereby they can re-seed themselves. But we're talking about timescales of really probably 10-15 years to actually get a healthy reef back after really a cataclysmic change."

And for that to happen, McCormick says, we need to reduce our CO2 emissions and to stop polluting our waterways. In order for things to improve underwater down under.

Thanks for a minute for Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I’m Jason Goldman.

今年4月，全世界知道了澳大利亚大堡礁有超过90%的珊瑚出现漂白现象的消息。这是由于温暖的海水和其他条件导致珊瑚排出了共生的藻类，这使珊瑚变得虚弱。这一数字并不乐观，因为我们有理由认为在珊瑚本身遭受破坏的同时，支持珊瑚的整个生态系统同样遭到了破坏。

举例来说，一项研究发现，漂白现象对鱼类学习躲避捕食者造成了阻碍。

想象一下，假如你是一只鱼，突然你的一个同伴遭遇不幸，命丧捕食者口中。

“我们发现，这些动物的学习方式非常复杂，学习过程包括与化学物质相关的警报提示，即同种生物传递出的危险信号和味道，甚至是不同寻常的景象，就像巴甫洛夫的狗这种理论。”

这是詹姆斯·库克大学的海洋科学家马克·麦考密克所说。他和他的团队发现，在珊瑚漂白化以后，这种学习过程就被破坏了。藻类不再生活在珊瑚体内，而是会覆盖住珊瑚。

“我们用小块活珊瑚和死后降解的珊瑚进行了实验，它们拥有类似的地形复杂性，我们把这些小块珊瑚放在有活珊瑚或死后降解珊瑚的海底。”

研究人员在每块珊瑚上放了一个小“礁民”——雀鲷。他们想知道珊瑚礁的健康如何影响鱼类学习躲避捕食者气味的能力。他们发现，降解珊瑚即使处在健康的珊瑚礁中，也会彻底破坏鱼类的学习机制。

“这涉及一个非常重要的问题，从某种程度上可以说是全球问题。虽然这只是用相对较小的水族观赏鱼进行的实验，但是实验得出的生活史特征和所有其他海洋生物类似。”

有没有什么方法能帮助世界上的珊瑚礁和栖息于珊瑚礁的生物?

“这一群体需要重建，它们拥有可以自我修复的高效机制。但是在灾难性变化之后，这些珊瑚恐怕需要10年至15年的时间才能恢复正常。”

麦考密克表示，为了让珊瑚恢复健康，我们要减少二氧化碳排放量，停止污染水域的行为。这样才能保证海底的情况得到改善。

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是杰森·高曼。

重点讲解：

1. break down 出毛病，损坏;

例句：Her health broke down under the pressure of work.

工作的压力把她的身体弄垮了。

2. touch on 谈及;涉及;

例句：The book does not touch on this question.

这个问题书里面没涉及到。

3. to some extent 在某种程度上;

例句：To some extent I hold that opinion of them still.

在某种程度上，我仍对他们持同样的看法。

4. be similar to 相像的;相仿的;类似的;

例句：His stance towards the story is quite similar to ours.

他对该报道的态度和我们很相像。

2020托福听力练习：鸟类叫声的特殊顺序

Humans have always considered themselves special compared with other animals.

One reason is the complexity of our language—bounded by unique rules, such as syntax, where we string words together in a specific order to create meaningful sentences.

But it turns out a bird may also vocalize with syntax rules—the Japanese great tit, a bird that's a close relative of North America's very own chickadee.

Toshitaka Suzuki, of Japan's Graduate University for Advanced Studies, has been listening to the calls of the Japanese great tit for the past decade.

Suzuki has recorded at least ten alarm calls used by the bird.

These include, known as the ABC call, which alerts other great tits to the presence of a predator, and the D call, which signals the birds to approach the caller.

Now Suzuki and his colleagues have found that the great tit uses those calls together to deliver both messages to other birds.

And they found that the order of that call was essential—only ABC-D made sense to the birds.

When the scientists intentionally reversed the order to create a D-ABC call, the birds did not respond.

The study is in the journal Nature Communications.

“I think the really interesting thing is why the order matters, and figuring that out I think will be difficult but also potentially really, really interesting, because it'll give a lot of insight...”

David Wheatcroft of Sweden's Uppsala University, one of the study scientists.

“You wouldn't expect sort of naively that it would matter.

Obviously it matters in human language, the order in which we say things, but it's still somehow shocking when you find it in tits.

So I think understanding why it's the case will be really interesting in the future.”

The work could help explain the evolution of the building blocks and structure of our own languages.

同其他动物相比时，人类总是认为自己与众不同。

其中一个原因就是因为我们语言的复杂性—比如语法的独特规则，我们会将单词按照特定的语序串在一起组成有意义的语句。

但研究结果表明鸟类的叫声也有自己的句法规则—比如北美山雀的近亲，日本大山雀就是这样。

在过去10年中，日本高级研究所的铃木俊孝一直从事本国大山雀叫声的研究。

铃木已经记录下这种鸟知识10种的警示性叫声。

其中包括用以警示其他大山雀这里有捕食者的ABC叫声，还有示意其他鸟可以接近的D叫声。

现在铃木和他的同事们发现大山雀也使用这样的叫声向其他同类传递信息。

而且他们还发现，叫声的顺序至关重要—其他鸟类只能理解ABC-D的叫声。

当科学家们将叫声顺序有意改成D-ABC时，这些鸟没有任何回应。

这项研究已在《自然交流》杂志上发表。

“我认为真正有趣的地方在于为什么叫声顺序如此重要，而想要揭开这个谜团可能会非常困难，但这将会很有趣，因为这将为我们提供很多帮助…”，

瑞典乌普萨拉大学的科学家大卫·威特克罗夫特说道:

“你千万不要天真的以为这不重要。

语序在我们人类的语言中具有非凡意义，但是令人吃惊的是大山雀的叫声中也是如此。

因此我觉得寻找其中的原因在未来会很有趣。”

这项工作可能会帮助我们解释人类语言模块及结构的进化历程。

1.compare with 比较

例句:Compare with the others.

和其他人相比。

2.turn out 关掉;结果是

例句:If I had known my life was going to turn out like this, I would have let them kill me.

如果我早知道自己的人生结局会是如此，我当时宁愿让他们杀了我。

3.figure out 想出; 解决

例句:It took them about one month to figure out how to start the equipment.

他们花了大约1个月的时间才搞清楚如何启动设备。

4.human language 人类的语言

例句:Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.

语言学是人类语言中的一个分枝。