托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：主旨题和细节题

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托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解：重听题和判断题

重听题

重听题是托福听力题目中一种非常特殊的题型。在这种题目中，讲述人会把录音材料中的一小部分内容重新读一遍，然后让考生根据这段重新听到的内容找出符合要求的选项。在考试中，每道重听题中都会给出一个耳机的图标。其常见的提问方式为：

Listen again to part of the lecture, then answer the question.

What does the professor mean when she says this?

重听题的解题思路比较多样化。有些题目考查所重复段落的含义，有些题目考查段落中某个习惯用语的含义。考生要根据自己所听到的内容，辨别出题人想考查的到底是哪方面的内容。另外，有些重听题中虽然重复了一部分文章内容，但是必须结合重复的内容在录音材料中的上下文去推理才能得出答案。所以考试在做题时要保持清醒的头脑，如果发观从重复的内容中找不到答案，就要立刻回忆，从上下文中去寻找正确答案。

是非判断题

是非判断题也是托福考试改革后出现的较为新颖的题型，一般是列出很多与录音材料中所提及的内容较为相似的句子，让考生辨別究竟哪些是录音材料中提到的。以下例题是其常见的出题方式：

The professor discusses how an animal becomes a fossil after its death. Indicate whether each sentence below is a step in the process.

YES/NO

The animal dies.

The hard tissues decompose.

The soft tissues decompose.

The hard tissues remain.

是非判断题多数情况下与细节题考查的内容有类似之处，需要考生多关注录音材料中的细节之处。是非判断题的YES和NO的答案个数并不是平均分配的，但一般不会出现所有答案全是YES或者NO的情况，考生可以利用这一点，在做题时判断自己的选项是否选得合适。

2020托福听力练习：能喷射甲烷的生物

The first life on Earth appeared about four billion years ago. One place these pioneering organisms may have emerged is at hydrothermal vents, deep underwater. Where unusual chemistry provided energy for primitive life-forms to survive. Life-forms like the methane-belching microbes found at the vents today.

Now, for the first time, researchers have found evidence of methane-producing life in similarly extreme conditions, but at the surface of the Earth — at a spring in northern California, called The Cedars. The water there is extremely basic — with a pH of 11.6. And it contains no oxygen. Not an easy place to survive.

Researchers tested water and sediment at the Cedars. Some samples got dosed with mercuric chloride to kill any life present. Those dosed samples produced no methane. But the samples in which microbes were allowed to survive did put out methane. Confirming that at least some of the methane at the springs is indeed biological in origin. The findings appear in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences.

The finding has implications for climate change alleviation. A geologically similar spring in Oman has been proposed as a site for carbon storage—pumping CO2 underground, where it gets incorporated in stone. But the extremophiles at The Cedars can use CO2 to make methane—an even more potent greenhouse gas. "So imagine pumping CO2 into the ground and having it come back up as methane." Penny Morrill, a biogeochemist at Memorial University of Newfoundland. "This will not necessarily happen, but it is something to be tested for before fully implementing a carbon capture and storage technology at one of these types of sites."

Morrill says the study's also a reminder that life is tenacious. "We should not let our biases prevent us from looking for evidence of life in what we would otherwise consider an unexpected place." Including other planets and moons.

地球上的第一个生命出现在约40亿年以前。这些先驱生物出现的其中一个地方是深海热泉和深海。那里不寻常的化学物质为原始生命形态提供了生存下去的能量。现在深海热泉发现了能喷射甲烷的微生物。

研究人员首次发现了能产生甲烷的生物生活在类似极端环境的证据，而这个地方位于地球表面，那就是加利福尼亚州北部的雪松泉。这里的水很普通，酸碱值为11.6。但是水里没有氧气。这可不是一个容易生存的地方。

研究人员对雪松泉里的水和沉积物进行了检测。一些样本里含有氯化汞，可以致死任何生命。这类样本不能产生甲烷。而可以让微生物生存的样本会释放出甲烷。这表明，至少该泉水里的一些甲烷的确是生物起源。这一发现刊登在《地球物理学研究杂志：生物地球科学》上。

这一研究对减缓气候变化有启示意义。安曼一处具有类似地质的泉水被推荐作为碳储存地，输送被注入地下岩石储存的二氧化碳。但是雪松泉的极端微生物可以利用二氧化碳制造甲烷，甲烷是一种更强的温室气体。“想象一下，将二氧化碳输送至地下，然后再把它变成甲烷。”纽芬兰纪念大学的生物化学家佩妮·莫里尔表示，“这不一定会发生，但是这是在这类地方完全实现碳捕捉和储存技术之前要进行的测试。”

莫里尔表示，这项研究还提醒人们生命是顽强的。“我们不应该因为偏见而停止在意想不到的地方寻找生命证据的脚步”。这些地方包括其他星球和月球。

重点讲解：

1. for the first time 首次;第一次;

例句：For the first time luck hooked onto me.

运气第一次降临到我头上。

2. at least 至少，起码;

例句：At least this second meeting had helped to thaw the atmosphere.

这第二次会议至少起到了缓和气氛的作用。

3. prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止;制止;阻碍;

例句：Cotton mittens will prevent the baby from scratching his own face.

棉的连指手套使婴儿不会抓伤自己的脸。

4. look for 寻找，寻求，谋求(解决方案或新的方法);

例句：The working group will be looking for practical solutions to the problems faced by doctors.

工作小组将寻求切实可行的方案，以解决医生们遇到的难题。

2020托福听力练习：肠道细菌之间存在互惠互利关系

It's one of the underwater world's classic partnerships:clownfish and Nemo hides out in the anemone, which helps keep predatory fish at bay.

"But at the same time there are other fish species that will kind of nibble on the sea anemones, and the clownfish will actually go out and scare them away." Jeff Gore, a biophysicist at MIT.

"So in this case there's across-protection mutualism between these two species in which they help to avoid predation."

Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals.

But Gore studies the same sort of mutualism in microbes.

He and his team demonstrated the first experimental example of that cross-protective relationship in drug-resistant microbes, using two strains of antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria:

one resistant to ampicillin, the other to chloramphenicol.

The researchers grew the bacteria together in a test tube, in the presence of both antibiotics.

And rather than succumbing to the drugs, each bacterial strain deactivated one of the two antibiotics—thus protecting the other strain.

That activity led to a stable coexistence over time.

Which Gore says could in theory give the bugs an opportunity to swap resistance genes, through what’s called horizontal gene transfer—one bacterium donates genetic material to another.

Any such transfer could make either or both strains individually resistant to both types of antibiotics.

The findings are in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The same story might play out in our guts, too—but it's too early to translate it into medical guidance.

"It's always important to remember that just because we see a particular dynamic in the laboratory doesn't mean we should immediately go and change our clinical dosing practices.

But then those sorts of results are then used as a guide for the kinds of phenomena that clinicians may want to watch out for in their circumstances."

Cause the more we know about this bacterial buddy system, the better we may be at breaking it up if they team up against us.

这是水下世界中存在的传统伙伴关系:小丑鱼尼莫藏身于海葵中躲避食肉鱼类。

“但与此同时其它鱼类也会一点一点啃食海葵，而这时小丑鱼就会蹿出来将它们吓走。”麻省理工学院的生物物理学家杰夫•格尔说道。

“因此在这种情况下这两个物种就形成了互惠共生关系。”

动物互惠互利关系.jpg

这种互相保护的关系经常可以在两种动物间看到。

但格尔研究了微生物中的这种互惠共生关系。

他和自己的团队对两种耐药性大肠杆菌进行了研究，通过首个试验例子展现出抗药性微生物之间的这种互惠共生关系:

一种菌株耐氨苄青霉素，而另一种则耐氯霉素。

研究人员在一个实验试管两种抗生素都存在的情况下将这两种菌株同时培养。

结果表明，这两种菌株非但没有向抗生素屈服，而是每种菌株各自抵抗其中的一种，从而保护对方。

这样的行为能使菌种稳定的共存。